Kinship questions
Three sketches from the Neolithic of Britain and Ireland
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.51.3Keywords:
kinship, relatedness, diversity, trajectory, Neolithic, Britain and IrelandAbstract
Kinship, diverse webs of relationship generated by people in their social practice, has long been analysed and debated by anthropologists, from an earlier dominance of lineage theory to the current, much more fluid emphasis on relatedness. Since the days of processualism, archaeologists have given more attention to kinship than in the early years of the discipline, but in rather limited and general ways until very recently. With the advent of successful aDNA investigations, and with some prompt from posthumanist theory, that interest has been renewed recently. I discuss some inconsistencies between the accounts of kinship by anthropologists and archaeologists, notably the emphasis by the former on diversity, relatedness, the possibilities and implications of bilateral descent, and the uncertain relationship between biology and kinship. To begin to investigate how this might all work out in archaeology, I sketch three scenarios from successive parts of the Neolithic in Britain and Ireland, across the fourth to third millennia cal BC, attempting specific rather than generalised models and indicating the outlines of a possible trajectory through time.
Downloads
References
Anthony D. W. 1990. Migration in archaeology: the baby and the bathwater. American Anthropologist 92: 895–914. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1990.92.4.02a00030
Armit I., Reich D. 2021. The return of the Beaker folk? Rethinking migration and population change in British prehistory. Antiquity 95(384): 1464–1477. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2021.129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2021.129
Armit I., Sheridan J. A., Reich D., Cook G., Tripney B., and Naysmith P. 2016. Radiocarbon dates obtained for the GENSCOT ancient DNA project, 2016. Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 17: 195–198.
Bamford S. (ed.). 2019a. The Cambridge handbook of kinship. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139644938
Bamford S. 2019b. Introduction: conceiving kinship in the twenty-first century. In S. Bamford (ed.), The Cambridge handbook of kinship. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press: 1–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139644938.001
Bandelj N. 2020. Relational work in the economy. Annual Review of Sociology 46: 251–272. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054719 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054719
Barclay A. J. 2024. Between Essex and Wessex: a review of Grooved Ware from the Upper and Middle Thames Valley. In M. Copper, A. Whittle, and A. Sheridan (eds.), Revisiting Grooved Ware: understanding ceramic trajectories in Britain and Ireland, 3200–2400 cal BC. Oxbow Books. Oxford: 191–207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.7657700.15
Barnes J. A. 1962. African models in the New Guinea highlands. Man 62: 5–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2795819
Bayliss A., Benson D., Galer D., Humphrey L., McFadyen L., and Whittle A. 2007a. One thing after another: the date of the Ascott-under-Wychwood long barrow. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17(1) supplement: 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774307000157 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774307000157
Bayliss A., McAvoy F., and Whittle A. 2007b. The world recreated: redating Silbury Hill in its monumental landscape. Antiquity 81(311): 26–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00094825 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00094825
Bayliss A., Marshall P., Richards C., and Whittle A. 2017. Islands of history: the Late Neolithic timescape of Orkney. Antiquity 91(359): 1171–1188. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.140 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.140
Benson D., Whittle A. (eds.). 2007. Building memories: the Neolithic Cotswold long barrow at Ascott-under- Wychwood, Oxfordshire. Oxbow Books. Oxford.
Bohannan L. 1952. A genealogical charter. Africa 22: 301–315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1156915
Booth T. forthcoming. The end of the beginning of archaeogenomics: beginnings and ends in Neolithic Britain. In V. Cummings, D. Hofmann, R. Iversen and M. Bjørnevad-Ahlqvist (eds.), The early Neolithic of northern Europe: new approaches to migration, movement and social connection. Sidestone Press. Leiden.
Borić D. 2008. First households and ‘house societies’ in European prehistory. In A. Jones (ed.), Prehistoric Europe: theory and practice. Wiley-Blackwell. Oxford: 109–42.
Brace S., Booth T. 2023. The genetics of the inhabitants of Neolithic Britain: a review. In A. Whittle, J. Pollard, and S. Greaney (eds.), Ancient DNA and the European Neolithic: relations and descent. Oxbow Books. Oxford: 123–146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.2775905.14
Bradley R. 1984. The social foundations of prehistoric Britain: themes and variations in the archaeology of power. Longman. London.
Bradley R. 2019. The prehistory of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108419925
Britnell W., Whittle A. (eds.). 2022. The first stones: Penywyrlod, Gwernvale and the Black Mountains Neolithic long cairns of south-east Wales. Oxbow Books. Oxford. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv371cnzx
Brook E. 2024. Recent Grooved Ware discoveries from Bulford and other sites in southern Wiltshire. In M. Copper, A. Whittle, and A. Sheridan (eds.), Revisiting Grooved Ware: understanding ceramic trajectories in Britain and Ireland, 3200–2400 cal BC. Oxbow Books. Oxford: 209–223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.7657700.16
Brück J. 2021. Ancient DNA, kinship and relational identities in Bronze Age Britain. Antiquity 95: 228–237. https:// doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.216 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.216
Card N., Edmonds M., and Mitchell A. (eds.). 2020. The Ness of Brodgar: as it stands. Kirkwall Press. Kirkwall.
Card N., Mainland I., Timpany S., +7 authors, and Whittle A. 2017. To cut a long story short: formal chronological modelling for the Late Neolithic site of Ness of Brodgar, Orkney. European Journal of Archaeology 5: 1–47. https:// doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2016.29
Carsten J. (ed.). 2000a. Cultures of relatedness: new approaches to the study of kinship. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Carsten J. 2000b. Introduction: cultures of relatedness. In J. Carsten (ed.), Cultures of relatedness: new approaches to the study of kinship. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge: 1–36.
Carsten J. 2004. After kinship. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Carsten J. 2013. What kinship does – and how. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 3(2): 245–251. https://doi. org/10.14318/hau3.2.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14318/hau3.2.013
Carsten J. 2019. The stuff of kinship. In. S. Bamford (ed.), The Cambridge handbook of kinship. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge: 133–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139644938.006
Carsten J. 2020. Imagining and living new worlds: the dynamics of kinship in contexts of mobility and migration. Ethno- graphy 21(3): 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138120940343 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138120940343
Cassidy L. M., Ó Maoldúin R., Kador T., +10 authors, and Bradley D. G. 2020. A dynastic elite in monumental Neolithic society. Nature 582: 384–388. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2378-6
Chapman R. 2023. Archaeological theory: the basics. Routledge. Abingdon. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315657097
Cheronet O., Fernandes D., Olalde I., +8 authors, and Pinhasi R. 2022. aDNA and kinship in French Atlantic fa- çade megalithic monuments. In L. Laporte, J.-M. Large, L. Nespoulous, C. Scarre, and T. Steimer-Herbet (eds.), Megaliths of the world, Volume I. Archaeopress. Oxford: 1260–1262.
Childe V. G. 1925. The dawn of European civilization. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. London.
Childe V. G. 1929. The Danube in prehistory. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
Childe V. G. 1936. Man makes himself. Watts and Co. London.
Clark G., Piggott S. 1965. Ancient societies. Hutchinson. London.
Cleal R., Pollard J. 2024. The only way isn’t Essex, but it may be one of them …: Grooved Ware, Beakers and long- distance connections in southern Britain. In M. Copper, A. Whittle, and A. Sheridan (eds.), Revisiting Grooved Ware: understanding ceramic trajectories in Britain and Ireland, 3200–2400 cal BC. Oxbow Books. Oxford: 171–190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.7657700.14
Crellin R. J. 2021. Making posthumanist kin in the past. Antiquity 95(379): 238–240. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.235 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.235
Crellin R. J., Harris O. J. T. 2020. Beyond binaries: interrogating ancient DNA. Archaeological Dialogues 27: 37–56. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203820000082 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203820000082
Cummings V. 2017. The Neolithic of Britain and Ireland. Routledge. Abingdon. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315718866
Cummings V., Fowler C. 2023. Materialising descent: lineage formation and transformation in Early Neolithic southern Britain. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 89: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2023.2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2023.2
Current Archaeology 2024. Neolithic cairn excavated in Orkney. Current Archaeology 406: 8.
Darvill T. C., Marshall P., Parker Pearson M., and Wainwright G. J. 2012. Stonehenge remodelled. Antiquity 86(334): 1021–1040. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00048225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00048225
Edmonds M. 1999. Ancestral geographies of the Neolithic: landscape, monuments and memory. Routledge. London. 2019. Orcadia: land, sea and stone in Neolithic Orkney. Head of Zeus. London.
Eller J. D. 2013. Cultural anthropology: global forces, local lives. Routledge. Abingdon.
Engelke M. 2017. Think like an anthropologist. Penguin Books. London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23943/9781400889525
Ensor B. E. 2021. The not very patrilocal European Neolithic: strontium, aDNA, and archaeological kinship analyses. Archaeopress Archaeology. Oxford. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv209xn0x
Eriksen A., MacCarthy M. 2019. Charismatic churches, revivalism and new religious movements. In E. Hirsch and W. Rollason (eds.), The Melanesian world. Routledge. Abingdon: 345–358. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315529691-20
Evans C., Pollard J., and Tabor J. 2024. Niche bunching and the Inland Sea: Grooved Ware settlement at Over, Cambridgeshire, and River Great Ouse distributions. In M. Copper, A. Whittle, and A. Sheridan (eds.), Revisiting Grooved Ware: understanding ceramic trajectories in Britain and Ireland, 3200–2400 cal BC. Oxbow Books. Oxford: 147–170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.7657700.13
Evans-Pritchard E. E. 1940. The Nuer: a description of the modes of livelihood and political institutions of a Nilotic people. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
Evans-Pritchard E. E. 1951. Kinship and marriage among the Nuer. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
Feeley-Harnik G. 2019. Descent in retrospect and prospect. In. S. Bamford (ed.), The Cambridge handbook of kinship. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge: 51–87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139644938.003
Firth S. 2019. Geo-political overview of Melanesia. In E. Hirsch, W. Rollason (eds.), The Melanesian world. Routledge. Abingdon: 95–109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315529691-5
Flannery K., Marcus J. 2012. The creation of inequality: how our prehistoric ancestors set the stage for monarchy, slavery and empire. Harvard University Press. Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674064973
Forbes H. 2007. Meaning and identity in a Greek landscape: an archaeological ethnography. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511720284
Fortes M., Evans-Pritchard E. E. 1940. African political systems. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
Fowler C. 2022. Social arrangements. Kinship, descent and affinity in the mortuary architecture of Early Neolithic Britain and Ireland. Archaeological Dialogues 29(1): 67–88. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203821000210 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1380203821000210
Fowler C., Olalde I., Cummings V., +6 authors, and Reich D. 2022. A high-resolution picture of kinship practices in an Early Neolithic tomb. Nature 601(7894): 584–587. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04241-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04241-4
Fox R. 1967. Kinship and marriage: an anthropological perspective. Penguin Books. Harmondsworth.
Foxhall L. 2000. The running sands of time: archaeology and the short term. World Archaeology 31: 484–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438240009696934 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00438240009696934
Freeman J. D. 1961. On the concept of the kindred. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 91: 192–220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2844413
Friedman J., Rowlands M. J. 1977. Notes towards an epigenetic model of the evolution of “civilisation”. In J. Fried- man, M. J. Rowlands (eds.), The evolution of social systems. Duckworth. London: 201–276.
Garwood P. 2024. Grooved Ware in south-east England: social geographies, chronology and interpretation. In M. Copper, A. Whittle, and A. Sheridan (eds.), Revisiting Grooved Ware: understanding ceramic trajectories in Britain and Ireland, 3200–2400 cal BC. Oxbow Books. Oxford: 225–243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.7657700.17
Gibson A., Bayliss A. 2009. Recent research at Duggleby Howe, North Yorkshire. Archaeological Journal 166: 39–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00665983.2009.11078220
Goddard M. 2019. Searching for Melanesian urbanity. In E. Hirsch, W. Rollason (eds.), The Melanesian world. Routledge. Abingdon: 223–236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315529691-12
Greaney S., Hazell Z., Barclay A., +6 authors, and Marshall P. 2020. Tempo of a mega-henge: a new chronology for Mount Pleasant, Dorchester, Dorset. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 86: 199–236. https://doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2020.6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2020.6
Guilaine J. 2018. Les enceintes néolithiques entre guerre et paix. In M. Gandelin, V. Ard, J. Vaquer, and L. Jallot (eds.), Les sites ceinturés de la préhistoire récente: nouvelles données, nouvelles approches, nouvelles hypothèses. Archives d’Écologie Préhistorique. Toulouse: 7–10.
Harris O. J. T. 2021. Assembling past worlds: materials, bodies and architecture in Neolithic Britain. Routledge. Abingdon. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367814786
Harris O. J. T., Cipolla C. N. 2017. Archaeological theory in the new millennium: introducing current perspectives. Routledge. Abingdon. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315713250
Hensey R. 2015. First light: the origins of Newgrange. Oxbow Books. Oxford.
Hirsch E., Rollason W. 2019. Introduction: the challenge of Melanesia. In E. Hirsch, W. Rollason (eds.), The Melanesian world. Routledge. Abingdon: 1–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315529691-1
Ingold T. 2018. Anthropology: why it matters. Polity Press. Cambridge.
Ingold T. 2022. Imagining for real: essays on creation, attention and correspondence. Abingdon. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003171713
Jeunesse C. 2017. From Neolithic kings to the Staffordshire hoard. Hoards and aristocratic graves in the European Neolithic: the birth of a ‘Barbarian’ Europe? In P. Bickle, V. Cummings, D. Hofmann, and J. Pollard (eds.), The Neolithic of Europe. Oxbow Books. Oxford: 175–187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dgtm.18
Johnston R. 2020. Bronze Age worlds: a social prehistory of Britain and Ireland. Abingdon. London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315177632
Jones A. M., Quinnell H. 2024. Grooved Ware in the south-west peninsula. In M. Copper, A. Whittle, and A. Sheridan (eds.), Revisiting Grooved Ware: understanding ceramic trajectories in Britain and Ireland, 3200–2400 cal BC. Oxbow Books. Oxford: 249–270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.7657700.18
Kuper A. 1982. Lineage theory: a critical retrospect. Annual Review of Anthropology for 1982(11): 71–95. 1988. The invention of primitive society: transformations of an illusion. Routledge. London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.11.100182.000443
Kuper A. 1999. Culture: the anthropologists’ account. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv21hrh4p
Kuper A. 2018. We need to talk about kinship. Anthropology of This Century 23. http://aotcpress.com.articles/talk-kinship
Leach E. 1982. Social anthropology. Fontana. Glasgow.
Leary J., Field D., and Campbell G. 2013. Silbury Hill: the largest prehistoric mound in Europe. English Heritage Publishing. Swindon.
Lévi-Strauss C. 1949. Les structures élémentaires de la parenté. Presses Universitaires de France. Paris.
Lynch A., McCormick F., Shee Twohig E., +4 authors, and Sternke F. 2014. Newgrange revisited: new insights from excavations at the back of the mound 1984–5. Journal of Irish Archaeology 23: 13–82.
Madgwick R., Lamb A., Sloane H., Nederbragt A. J., Alberella U., Parker Pearson M, and Evans. J. A. 2019. Multi- isotope analysis reveals that feasts in the Stonehenge environs and across Wessex drew people and animals from throughout Britain. Science Advances 5(3): eaau6078. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau6078 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau6078
Maine H. 1861. Ancient society. John Murray. London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/25528207
Marshall P., Greaney S., Dee M., and Hajdas I. 2024. Maumbury Rings, Dorchester: radiocarbon dating and chronological modelling. Historic England Research Report Series 02/2024 (online). https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/2-2024
Meadows J., Barclay A., and Bayliss A. 2007. A short passage of time: the dating of the Hazleton long cairn revisited. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17(1) supplement: 45-64. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774307000169 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959774307000169
Meller H., Krause J., Haak W., and Risch R. (eds.). 2023. Kinship, sex, and biological relatedness. The contribution of archaeogenetics to the understanding of social and biological relations. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt. Halle.
Miller D. n.d. What is a relationship? Kinship as negotiated experience. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/anthropology/people/academic-and-teaching-staff/daniel-miller
Moore H. L. 2010. Anthropological theory at the turn of the century. In H. L. Moore (ed.), Anthropological theory today. Polity Press. Cambridge: 1–23.
Morgan L. H. 1871. Systems of consanguinity and affinity of the human family. Smithsonian Institution. Washington. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.29577
Morgan L. H. 1877. Ancient society; or; researches in the lines of human progress from savagery, through barbarism to civilization. Kerr and Company. Chicago.
Olalde I., Brace S., Allentoft M. E., +144 authors, and Reich D. 2018. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555: 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25738 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25738
Oswald A., Dyer C., and Barber M. 2001. The creation of monuments: Neolithic causewayed enclosures in the British Isles. English Heritage. Swindon.
Papadaki E., Chiu H.-C., Carsten J., Reece K. M., and Magee S. 2019. Talking about kinship. Anthropology of This Century 25. http://aotcpress.com/articles/talking-kinship
Parker Pearson M. 2012. Stonehenge: exploring the greatest Stone Age mystery. Simon & Schuster. London. 2023. Stonehenge: a brief history. Bloomsbury Academic. London.
Parker Pearson M., Pollard J., Richards C., Thomas J., Tilley C., and Welham K. 2020. Stonehenge for the Ancestors: Part 1, Landscape and monuments. Sidestone Press. Leiden.
Parker Pearson M., Pollard J., Richards C., Thomas J., Tilley C., and Welham K. 2022. Stonehenge for the ancestors: Part 2, Synthesis. Sidestone Press. Leiden.
Parker Pearson M., Ramilisonina 1998. Stonehenge for the ancestors: the stones pass on the message. Antiquity 72(276): 308–320. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00086592 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00086592
Parkin R., Stone L. (eds.). 2004. Kinship and family: an anthropological reader. Blackwell. Malden, MA.
Pechtl J. 2009. A monumental prestige patchwork. In D. Hofmann, P. Bickle (eds.), Creating communities: new advances in central European Neolithic research. Oxbow Books. Oxford: 186–201.
Pronk T. 2023. Mobility, kinship and marriage in Indo-European society. In K. Kristiansen, G. Kroonen, and E. Willerslev (eds.), The Indo-European puzzle revisited : integrating archaeology, genetics, and linguistics. Cam- bridge University Press. Cambridge: 289–295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009261753.026
Radcliffe-Brown A. R. 1952. Structure and function in primitive society. Cohen & West. London.
Ray K., Thomas J. 2003. In the kinship of cows: the social centrality of cattle in the earlier Neolithic of southern Britain. In M. Parker Pearson (ed.), Food, culture and identity in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. British Archaeological Reports. Oxford: 37–44.
Ray K., Thomas J. 2018. Neolithic Britain: the transformation of social worlds. Oxford University Press. Oxford. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823896.001.0001
Renfrew C. 1973. Monuments, mobilization and social organization in Neolithic Wessex. In C. Renfrew (ed.), The explanation of culture change: models in prehistory. Duckworth. London: 539–558.
Renfrew C. 1979. Investigations in Orkney. Thames and Hudson. London.
Reich D. 2018. Who we are and how we got here: ancient DNA and the new science of the human past. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
Richards C., Jones R. (eds.). 2016. The development of Neolithic house societies in Orkney. Windgather Press. Oxford. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv13gvg8m
Rivollat M., Rohrlach A. B., Ringbauer H., +17 authors, and Haak W. 2023. Extensive pedigrees reveal the social organization of a Neolithic community. Nature 620: 600–606. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06350-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06350-8
Robb J. E., Harris O. J. T. 2018. Becoming gendered in European prehistory: was Neolithic gender fundamentally different? American Antiquity 83(1): 128–147. https://doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2017.54 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2017.54
Sahlins M. D. 1968. Tribesmen. Prentice-Hall. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Sahlins M. 2013. What kinship is…and is not. University of Chicago Press. Chicago and London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226925134.001.0001
Sánchez-Quinto F., Malmström H., Fraser M., +14 authors, and Jakobsson M. 2019. Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe were linked to a kindred society. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116(19): 9469–9474. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818037116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818037116
Saville A. 1990. Hazleton North, Gloucestershire, 1979–82: the excavation of a Neolithic long cairn of the Cotswold- Severn group. English Heritage. London.
Schneider D. 1968. American kinship: a cultural account. Prentice Hall. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Schneider D. 1984. A critique of the study of kinship. University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.7203
Schulting R., Bronk Ramsey C., Reimer P., Eogan G., Cleary K., Cooney G., and Sheridan J. A. 2017. Dating Knowth. In G. Eogan, K. Cleary (eds.), Excavations at Knowth, volume 6: the passage tomb archaeology of the Great Mound at Knowth. Royal Irish Academy. Dublin.
Shanks M., Tilley C. 1982. Ideology, symbolic power and ritual communication: a reinterpretation of Neolithic mortuary practices. In I. Hodder (ed.), Symbolic and structural archaeology. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge: 129–154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558252.013
Shapiro W. 2016. Why Schneiderian kinship studies have it all wrong: with special reference to adoptive kinship. Structure and Dynamics: eJournal of Anthropological and Related Sciences 9(2): 218- 239. https://doi.org/10.5070/SD992032334 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5070/SD992032334
Shennan S. 2018. The first farmers of Europe: an evolutionary perspective. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108386029
Sheridan A., Armit I., Reich D., +22 authors, and Brown L. 2019. A summary round-up list of Scottish archaeological human remains that have been sampled/analysed for DNA as of January 2019. Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 19: 227-250. https://nms.iro.bl.uk/concern/articles/595a91ee-3042-4439-ae0f-9152284576ac
Snoeck C., Pouncett J., Claeys P., +6 authors, and Schulting R. 2018. Strontium isotope analyses on cremated human remains from Stonehenge support links with west Wales. Scientific Reports 8: 10790. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28969-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28969-8
Souvatzi S. 2017. Kinship and social archaeology. Cross-Cultural Research 51(2): 172–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397117691028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397117691028
Strathern M. 1992. After nature: English kinship in the late twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Thomas J. 2015. House societies and founding ancestors in Early Neolithic Britain. In C. Renfrew, M. Boyd, and J. Morley (eds.), Death shall have no dominion. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge: 138–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316014509.010
Thurnam J. 1869. On ancient British barrows, especially those of Wiltshire and the adjoining counties. (Part I. Long barrows). Archaeologia 42: 161–244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S026134090000477X
Trigger B. 2006. A history of archaeological thought (second edition). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Vondrovský V., Kovaèikova L., and Smejtek L. 2022. Neolithic rondels in central Europe and their builders: an analysis of multi-rondel sites. Antiquity 96(389): 1105–1123. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2022.75 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2022.75
Whitley J. 2002. Too many ancestors. Antiquity 76(291): 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00089870 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00089870
Whittle A. 1997a. Remembered and imagined belongings: Stonehenge in its traditions and structures of meaning. Proceedings of the British Academy 92: 145–166.
Whittle A. 1997b. Sacred mound, holy rings. Silbury Hill and the West Kennet palisade enclosures: a Later Neolithic complex in north Wiltshire. Oxbow Books. Oxford. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2p7j5nt
Whittle A. 2014. The times and timings of enclosures. In A. C. de Valera (ed.), Recent prehistoric enclosures and funerary practices in Europe. Archaeopress. Oxford: 1–11.
Whittle A. 2018. The times of their lives: hunting history in the archaeology of Neolithic Europe. Oxbow Books. Oxford. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dm57
Whittle A. 2022. Ethnography and history: early Neolithic enclosures in southern Britain. In R.-M. Arbogast, A. Denaire, S. Grando-Váleèková, P. Lefranc, M. Mauvilly, and S. van Willigen (eds.), D’Oberlarg à Wesaluri, itinéraire d’un préhistorien: mélanges offerts à Christian Jeunesse. Mémoires d’Archéologie du Grand Est n° 8. Strasbourg: 143–152.
Whittle A., Bayliss A., and Healy F. 2022. A decade on: revised timings for causewayed enclosures in southern Britain. In J. Last (ed.), Marking place: new perspectives on Early Neolithic enclosures. Oxbow Books. Oxford: 203–222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv22fqbzs.17
Whittle A., Healy F., and Bayliss A. 2011. Gathering time: dating the early Neolithic enclosures of southern Britain and Ireland. Oxbow Books. Oxford. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dwp2
Whittle A., Healy F., Bayliss A., and Cooney G. forthcoming. Enclosures in the making: the case of Britain and Ireland.
Willis C. 2021. Stonehenge and Middle to Late Neolithic cremation rites in mainland Britain (c.3500–2500 BC). Archaeopress. Oxford. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407358345
Wolf A. P. 2014. Incest avoidance and the incest taboos: two aspects of human nature. Stanford University Press. Stanford, CA.
Wysocki M. P. 2022. Neolithic people of the Black Mountains: human remains from Penywyrlod, Pipton and Ty Isaf. In W. Britnell, A. Whittle (eds.), The first stones: Penywyrlod, Gwernvale and the Black Mountains Neolithic long cairns of south-east Wales. Oxbow Books. Oxford: 157–206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv371cnzx.13
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Alasdair Whittle
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
