A multi-embankment Chalcolithic walled enclosure

New insights from the usage of remote sensingin archaeological surveys (Ota, Western Portugal)

Authors

  • André Texugo University of Lisbon, Centre for Geographical Studies; University of Lisbon, Centre for Archaeology; Foundation for Science and Technology, Lisbon, Portugal
  • Ana Catarina Basílio Foundation for Science and Technology, Lisbon; University of Algarve, Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour, Faro, Portugal
  • Pedro Pina University of Coimbra, Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Portugal
  • Gabriel Goyanes University of Lisbon, Centre for Geographical Studies; University of Lisbon, Centre of Natural Resources and Environment, Portugal
  • Gonçalo Vieira University of Lisbon, Centre for Geographical Studies, Portugal

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.51.8

Keywords:

archaeological methodology, Chalcolithic walled enclosures, LiDAR analysis, Portuguese Estremadura, remote sensing, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)

Abstract

Ota, a key part of the Chalcolithic walled enclosure phenomenon in Portuguese Estremadura, represents a unique settlement strategy within the actual territory of Portugal. The architecture and social dynamics of this site remained largely unexplored until 2019. This study marks a significant shift in its study, utilizing a synergistic approach of archaeology and geotechnologies, embodied in the using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle equipped with LiDAR. This innovative combination successfully penetrated the dense vegetation, revealing 21 previously unknown archaeological features. The results from the fieldwork unveiled a novel type of walled enclosure at Ota, characterized by a series of four embankments. This discovery prompts a re-evaluation of the roles and practices of 3rd millennium BC communities in Portuguese Estremadura. Furthermore, the proven efficacy of this methodology paves the way for its application in similar archaeological contexts. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the recent fieldwork, integrating interpretations from LiDAR data, material studies and 14C dating.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Axelsson P. 2000. DEM generation from laser scanner data using adaptive TIN models. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 33: 111–118.

Barbosa E. 1956. O castro de Ota (Alenquer). O Arqueólogo Português 2(3): 117–124.

Barker P. 1993. Techniques of archaeological excavation. Batsford. London.

Basílio A. C., Texugo A. 2017. Looking in view: cultural expressions of Montejunto Bell Beakers. In Gonçalves V. S. (ed.), Sinos e Taças. Junto ao Oceano e mais longe. Aspectos da presença campaniforme na Península Ibérica (Estudos & memórias 10). UNIARQ/FLUL. Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa. Lisboa: 230–237.

Basílio A. C., Texugo A. 2017. O conjunto de Pedra Lascada da Ota: Questões tecnológicas e socioeconômicas. Actas do II Congresso da Associação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses. Associação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses. Lisboa: 619–630.

Cardoso J. L. 2004. A Baixa Estremadura dos finais do IV milénio A.C. até à chegada dos romanos: um ensaio de História regional. Estudos Arqueológicos de Oeiras 12. Câmara Municipal de Oeiras. Oeiras.

Cardoso J. L. 2005. Um cometa na Pré­História Portuguesa. A taça do povoado calcolítico do Outeiro de S. Mamede (Bombarral) e o imaginário colectivo ligado a tais corpos celestes. Al-madan. 2ª série 13: 36–40.

Cardoso J. L. 2010. Povoado pré-histórico de Leceia (Oeiras): evolução arquitetônica do sistema defensivo e das técnicas construtivas correlativas. Câmara Municipal de Cascais. Cascais.

Cardoso J. L., Soares A. M., and Martins J. M. 2011. Fases de ocupação e cronologia absoluta da fortificação calcolítica do Outeiro Redondo (Sesimbra). Estudos Arqueológicos de Oeiras 18: 553– 578.

Carvalho A. F., Gonçalves D., Díaz­Zorita M., and Valente M. J. 2019. Multi­isotope approaches to the Neolithic cemetery­cave of Bom Santo (Lisbon): new data and comparisons with fourth millennium BC populations from central­southern Portugal. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11: 6141–6159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520­019­00908­2

Cerrillo­ Cuenca E., Sanjosé J. 2013. Mapping and interpreting vanished archaeological features using historical aerial photogrammes and digital photogrammetry. In F. Contreras, M. Farjas, and F. J. Melero (eds.), Proceedings of the 38 the Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, CAA2010. BAR International Series 2494. Archaeopress. Oxford: 43–46.

Cerrillo ­Cuenca E., Bueno­Ramirez P. 2019. Counting with the invisible record? The role of LiDAR in the interpretation of megalithic landscapes in south­western Iberia. Archaeological Prospection 1(34): 251–264.

Foard G. 1980. The recovery of archaeological information by systematic field­walking: Research in Northamptonshire and Bedfordshire. In C. Hayfield (ed.), Fieldwalking as a Method of Archaeological Research. Directorate of Ancient Monuments and Historic Buildings. London: 34–40.

Forenbaher S. 1999. Production and exchange of bifacial flaked stone artefacts during the Portuguese Chalcolithic. BAR International Series 756. BAR Publishing. Oxford.

Gonçalves J. L. 1992. As grutas da Serra de Montejunto (Cadaval). O Arqueólogo Português 4: 41–201.

Gonçalves J. L. 1997. Olelas e Pragança: duas fortificações calcolíticas da Estremadura. O Arquéologo Português 4: 31–40.

Gonçalves V. S. 1989. Megalitismo e metalurgia no Alto Algarve Oriental. Estudos e memórias 2. Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica, Uniarch – Unidade de Arqueologia do Centro de História da Universidade de Lisboa. Lisboa.

Gonçalves V. S., Sousa A. C., and Costeira C. 2013. Walls, gates and towers. Fortified settlements in the South and Centre of Portugal: some notes about violence and walls in the 3rd Millennium BCE. Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Granada 23: 35–97.

Harris E. C. 1989. Principles of archaeological stratigraphy. Academic Press. London.

Hurtado V. 2004. El asentamiento fortificado de San Blas (Cheles, Badajoz). III milenio AC. Trabajos de Prehistoria 61(1): 141–155. https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2004.v61.i1.33

Hurtado V., Navascués J. J. E. 1991. Excavaciones En Palacio Quemado. Informe Preliminar. Extremadura Arqueológica II: 46–68.

Hurtado V., Odriozola C. 2009. Landscape, Identity and material culture in “Tierra de Barros” (Badajoz, Spain) during the 3rd millennium BCE. Cambridge Scholar Press. New York.

Jordão P. 2011. Análise de proveniência de matérias­primas: o caso da indústria de pedra lascada do povoado calcolítico de S. Mamede (Bombarral). Actas das IV Jornadas de Jovens em Investigação Arqueológica 16: 283–289.

Jorge S. O. 2003. Pensar o espaço da Pré­História recente: a propósito dos recintos murados da Península Ibérica. In S. O. Jorge (ed.), O Passado é Redondo. Dialogando com os Sentidos dos Primeiros Recintos Monumentais. Edições Afrontamento. Porto: 169–202.

Jorge V. O., Cardoso J. M., Vale A. M., Velho L. G., and Pereira L. S. 2005. Copper age »monumentalized hills« of Iberia: the shift from positivistic ideias to interpretive ones. New perspectives on old techniques of transforming place and space as results of a research experience in the NE of Portugal. In V. O. Jorge (ed.), Approaching »prehistoric and protohistoric architectures« of Europe from a »dwelling perspective«. Proceeding of the TAG session. Shefield 2005. ADECAP. Porto: 203–264.

Kokalj Ž., Somrak M. 2019. Why Not a Single Image? Combining Visualizations to Facilitate Fieldwork and On­Screen Mapping. Remote Sensing 11(7): 7–47. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11070747

Kottek M., Grieser J., Beck C., Rudolf B., and Rubel F. 2006. World Map of the Koppen­Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15: 259–263. DOI: 10.1127/0941­2948/2006/0130

Kunst M. 2006. Las entradas en los recintos amurallados prehistóricos. In T. Schattner, F. Valdés Fernández (eds.), Stadttore, Bautyp und Kunstform. Toledo 25. bis 27. September 2003. Iberia Archaeologica 8. Mainz: 27–62.

Kunst M. 2010. Zambujal, a dinâmica da sequência construtiva. In V. S. Gonçalves, Sousa A. C. (eds.), Transformação e mudança no Centro e Sul de Portugal. Câmara Municipal de Cascais. UNIARQ. Cascais:131–154.

Kunst M., Arnold F. 2011. Sobre a reconstrução de estruturas defensivas do Calcolítico na Península Ibérica com base na Torre B de Zambujal. O Arqueólogo Português 5(1): 429–488.

Kunst M., Cardoso J. L., Waterman A. J. 2014. Human Bones from Chalcolithic Walled Enclosures of Portuguese Estremadura: The Examples of Zambujal and Leceia. In A. Valera (ed.), Recent Prehistoric Enclosures and Funerary Practices in Europe. Archaeopress. Oxford: 83–98.

Lord A., Cabral M. C., Dambeck R., and Kunst M. 2011. Ostracod evidence for the Neolithic environment of Rio Sizandro, Portugal. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 91: 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549­011­0055­3

Lull V., Micó R., Rihuete C., and Risch R. 2018. Fortifications and Violence in the Mediterranean During the Third Millennium Cal BC. In A. Ballmer, M. Fernández­Götz, and D. P. Mielke (eds.), Understanding Ancient Fortifications. Between Regionality and Connectivity. Oxbow Books. Oxford: 13–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dqkc

Mataloto R. 2010. O 4.º/3.º milénio a.C. no povoado de São Pedro (Redondo, Alentejo Central): fortificação e povoamento na planície centro alentejana. In V. S. Gonçalves, A. C. Sousa (eds.), Transformação e mudança no Centro e Sul de Portugal. Câmara Municipal de Cascais. UNIARQ. Cascais: 263–296.

Molina F., Camara J. A. 2005. Los Millares: Guia del yacimiento arqueológico. Junta de Andalucia and Consejeria de Cultura. Seville.

Mora C., Vieira G. 2020. The Climate of Portugal. In Gonçalo Vieira, José Luís Zêzere, Carla Mora (eds.), Landscapes and Landforms of Portugal. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer Nature Switzerland. Cham: 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/978­3­319­03641­0

Odriozola C., Burbidge C., Dias M., and Hurtado V. 2014. Dating of Las Mesas Copper Age walled enclosure (La Fuente, Spain). Trabajos de prehistoria 2: 343–352. https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2014.12138

Ortega F. I., Sánchez­Pardo C. J. 2013. Archaeology from Aerial Archives in Spain and Portugal: Two Examples from the Atlantic Seaboard. In W. S. Hanson, I. A. Oltean (eds.), Archaeology from Historical Aerial and Satellite Archives. Springer Science+Business Media. NewYork, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London: 179–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/978­1­4614­4505­0

Paço A. 1966. Castelo da Pedra de Ouro. Anais da Academia Portuguesa de História 2(16): 117–152.

Pérez J., Antonio F. M., Bascon M. C., and Charro Lobato C. 2014. Photogrammetric usage of 1956­ 57 USAF aerial photography of Spain. The Photogrammetric Record 29: 108–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/phor.12048

Pérez Álvarez J. A., Mayoral Herrera V., Martínez del Pozo J. A., and De Tena M. T. 2013. Multi­temporal archaeological analyses of alluvial landscapes using the photogrammetric restitution of historical flights: a case study of Medellin. Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 349–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.08.025

Piñón Varela F. 1995 Los Vientos de la Zarcita (Santa Bárbara de la Casa) – Un asentamiento fortificado en el sector noroccidental de la provincia de Huelva. In M. Kunst (ed.), Origens, Estructuras e Relações das Culturas Calcolíticas da Península Ibérica. Actas das I Jornadas Arqueológicas de Torres Vedras. 3–5 de Abril 1987. Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico. Lisboa: 169–187.

Ramos­ Pereira A., Ramos C., Vieira J., Zêzere C., and Mora C. 2020. The Southwest Coast of Portugal. In G. Vieira, J. L. Zêzere, and C. Mora (eds.), Landscapes and Landforms of Portugal. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer Nature Switzerland. Cham: 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/978­3­319­03641­0

Rollán M. C. L. 1996. Las Textile Manufacture in the Prehistory: The tablet weaving in the Copper Age in the Iberian Peninsula. Zephyrus 29: 125–145.

Roussel J., Auty D. 2020. lidR: Airborne LiDAR Data Manipulation and Visualization for Forestry Applications. R package version 3.0.3.

Soares J. 2013. Transformações sociais durante o 3.º milénio AC no sul de Portugal. O povoado do Porto das Carretas. Memórias d'Odiana 5. EDIA/DRCALEN. Lisboa.

Sousa A. C. 2010. O Penedo do Lexim e a sequência do neolítico final e do calcolítico na península de Lisboa. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Lisbon. Lisbon. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/3480

Sousa E., Sousa, A. C. 2018. Paisagens sagradas de la Edad de Bronce tardía en el occidente de la Península Ibérica: estudio del caso de Penedo do Lexim. Trabajos de Prehistoria 75: 307–319. https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2018.12217

Štular B., Kokalj T., Oštir K., and Nuninger L. 2012. Visualization of lidar derived relief models for detection of archaeological features. Journal of Archaeological Science 39 (11): 3354–3360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.05.029

Texugo A. 2016. O 4º e o 3º milénios a.n.e. no sítio da Ota: Perscrutando por entre coleções antigas e projetos recentes. MA thesis. Department of History. Faculty of Arts. University of Lisbon. Lisbon.

Texugo A., Basílio A. C. 2018. O estranho caso da Ota: o paradigma dos Orçamentos Participativos e os resultados de um projeto ‘comunitário. Al-Madan 22(1): 104–114.

Valera A., André L. 2017. Aspectos da interação transregional na Pré­história Recente do Sudoeste Peninsular: interrogando as conchas e moluscos nos Perdigões. Estudos Arqueológicos de Oeiras 23: 189–218.

Valera A. C. 2020. O Sepulcro 4 dos Perdigões: um tholos da segunda metade do 3º milénio a.C. Perdigões Monográfica 2. Núcleo de Investigação Arqueológica. ERA Arqueologia S.A. Lisboa.

Valera A. C., Evangelista L., and Castanheira P. 2014. Zoomorphic figurines and the problem of the human­animal relationship in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Southwest Iberia. Menga 5: 15–41.

Zbyszewski G., Ferreira O. V. 1958. Estação préhistórica da Penha Verde (Sintra). Comunicações dos Serviços Geológicos de Portugal 39: 37–60.

Zhang W., Qi J., Wan P., Wang H., Xie D., Wang X., and Yan G. 2016. An Easy­to­Use Airborne LiDAR Data Filtering Method Based on Cloth Simulation. Remote Sensing 8(6): 501. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8060501

Downloads

Published

9. 07. 2024

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Texugo, A., Basílio, A. C., Pina, P., Goyanes, G., & Vieira, G. (2024). A multi-embankment Chalcolithic walled enclosure: New insights from the usage of remote sensingin archaeological surveys (Ota, Western Portugal). Documenta Praehistorica, 51, 2-14. https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.51.8

Most read articles by the same author(s)