Muslim Immigrants in Germany Challenge Integration

Erickh Ohser

doi:10.34291/Edinost/80/01/Ohser

Avtorji

Erickh Ohser University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Theology

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.34291/Edinost/80/01/Ohser

Ključne besede:

migracijska kriza, islamizem, izziv integracije, kulturna varnost, Bližnji vzhod

Povzetek

Turški delavci, ki so iz svoje države emigrirali v Nemčijo, so se lahko ponovno združili s svojimi družinami, in danes njihovi potomci tam živijo kot nemški državljani. Med nemiri in vojnami na Bližnjem vzhodu, v Afriki ter Bosni in Hercegovini je veliko ljudi pobegnilo iz svojih držav in so kot begunci ter iskalci azila prispeli v Nemčijo. Večina teh beguncev je bila muslimanske veroizpovedi in vsi so si, tako kot prej Turki, ustvarili svoje skupnosti, mošeje in podjetja. So muslimani; vendar imajo različne kulture, jezike in veroizpovedi. Med njimi so razlike, poleg tega pa je tudi po desetletjih življenja v Nemčiji njihova uspešna integracija še vedno vprašljiva. Predstavljamo zgodovinski pregled integracije muslimanov v Nemčiji, razpravljamo o razlogih za njen neuspeh in izpostavljamo strahove, s katerimi se soočajo nemuslimani in muslimani v vse bolj muslimanski družbi. Zagovarjamo stališče, da se bo morala družba v prihodnosti soočiti s temi strahovi ne zato, da bi jih zatrla, temveč da bi jih vzela resno in poiskala načine, kako jih pomiriti ter tako zagotoviti mirno sobivanje med ljudmi različnih svetovnih nazorov v zahodni multikulturni družbi.

Metrike

Nalaganej metrik....

Prenosi

Podatki o prenosih še niso na voljo.

Literatura

References

Akbulut, Duran. 2003. Türkische Moslems in Deutschland: Ein religionssoziologischer Beitrag zur Integrationsdebatte. Albeck: Ulmer Manuskripte.

Akhavan Azari, Kasra, and Mari Jože Osredkar. 2022. Islamic Theocracy of Shia Twelvers in Iran. Edinost in Dialog 77/2: 165–182.

Al-Ali, Nadje, Richard Black, and Khalid Koser. 2001. Refugees and Transnationalism: The Experience of Bosnians and Eritreans in Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 27/4: 615–634. Https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830120090412.

Al-Modarresi, Mohammad Taqi. 2016. The Laws of Islam. London: Enlight Press.

Amadeo Antonio Foundation. 2014. Rechte Hetze gegen Flüchtlinge - Eine Chronik der Gewalt 2014. Gewalt, 14. 12. Https://www.mut-gegen-rechte-gewalt.de/news/meldung/rechte-hetze-gegen-fluechtlinge-eine-chronik-der-gewalt-2014-03 (accessed 2. 4. 2017).

Anadolu Agency. 2015. Germans Have Become More Intolerant of Muslims: Poll. 6. 1. Https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/germans-have-become-more-intolerant-of-muslims-poll/85958 (accessed 3. 4. 2024).

Anwar, Muhammad, Jochen Blaschke, and Ake Sander. 2004. State Policies Towards Muslim Minorities, Great Britain, and Germany. Berlin: Edition Parabolis.

Apnews.com. 2022. Islam’s ban on alcohol and how it’s applied. Https://apnews.com/article/world-cup-soccer-sports-travel-5da7449cd9f8f7054bf38cf09436854f (accessed 12. 1. 2024).

BBC News Agency. 2023. پلیس آلمان به مرکز اسلامی هامبورگ و اماکن مظنون به ارتباط با حزب‌الله لبنان یورش برد. 16. 11. Https://www.bbc.com/persian/articles/ckdpr9zdxk0oamp (accessed 12. 1. 2024).

Berry, John W. 1997. Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review 46: 5–34.

Bild. 2009. Wolfgang Schäuble Warns in Report for the Protection of the Constitution. Https://m.bild.de/news/bild-english/wolfgang-schaeuble-warns-inreport-for-the-protection-of-the-constitution-8410944.bildMobile.html?t_ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bild.de%2Fnews%2Fbild-english%2Fwolfgang-schaeuble-warns-inreport-for-the-protection-of-the-constitution-8410944.bild.html (accessed 12. 5. 2024).

Bloch, Alice, Tanja Galvin, and Barbara Harrell-Bond. 2000. Refugee Women in Europe: Some Aspects of the Legal and Policy Dimensions. International Migration 38/2: 169–190.

Blossomfinance. 2020. Prohibition of Gambling. 6. 4. Https://www.blossomfinance.com/posts/prohibition-of-gambling#:~:text=Gambling%20is%20another%20fundamental%20prohibition,the%20expense%20of%20the%20other (accessed 12. 1. 2024).

Brown, Stephen. 2010. German Muslims Must Obey Law, Not Sharia: Merkel. Reuters, 6. 10. Https://www.reuters.com/article/world/german-muslims-must-obey-law-not-sharia-merkel-idUSTRE695532/ (accessed 19. 3. 2024).

Bundesregierung.de. 2023. Policy Statement by Olaf Scholz. 12. 10. Https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/policy-statement-by-olaf-scholz-2230254 (accessed 12. 1. 2024).

Cliteur, Paul. 2019. Theoterrorism vs. Freedom of Speech: From Incident to Precedent. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

Craig, Tom, P. M. Jajua, and Nasir Warfa. 2009. Mental Health Care Needs of Refugees. Psychiatry 8/9: 351–354.

Deutsche Welle News Agency. 2023a. سوءظن به ۵ دانشگاه آلمان همکاری با دانشگاه نزدیک به سپاه. 6. 11. Https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/سوءظن-به-۵-دانشگاه-آلمان-همکاری-با-دانشگاه-نزدیک-به-سپاه/a-67317385 (accessed 12. 5. 2024).

– – –. 2023b. سازمان امنیت آلمان: خطر حملات اسلام‌گرایانه در بالاترین سطح است. 29. 11. Https://www.dw.com/fa-ir/سازمان-امنیت-آلمان-خطر-حملات-اسلامگرایانه-در-بالاترین-سطح-است/a-67589503 (accessed 13. 5. 2024).

Guardian. 2010. Angela Merkel: German Multiculturalism Has Failed. 17. 10. Https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/17/angela-merkel-german-multiculturalism-failed (accessed 13. 5. 2024).

– – –. 2015. Most Syrian Rebels Sympathise with ISIS, Says Thinktank. The Guardian, 20. 12. Https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/20/most-syrian-rebels-sympathise-with-isis-says-thinktank (accessed 21. 4. 2024).

Herghelegiu, Monica-Elena. 2010. Germany's Encounter with Islam: Legal and Theological Issues. Istanbul: Istanbul University.

Hogan, Linda, and Dylan Lehrke. 2009. Religion and Politics of Peace and Conflict. London: Wipf and Stock Publishers.

Ibrahim, Raymond. 2013a. Crucified Again: Exposing Islam's New War on Christians. New York: Regnery Publishing Inc.

– – –. 2013b. The Muslim Brotherhood: Origins, Efficacy, and Reach. World Watch Monitor, 4. 7. Https://www.meforum.org/muslim-brotherhood-origins (accessed 1. 4. 2024).

Koven, Ronald. 1979. Khomeini Decrees Islamic Republic after Vote in Iran. The Washington Post, 2. 4. Https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/04/02/khomeini-decrees-islamic-republic-after-vote-in-iran/c4d11a54-8981-4b91-8ca0-7d9771a8cf2c (accessed 13. 5. 2024).

Kramer, S. A., E. Olsman, M. H. Hoogsteder, and L. H. Willigen. 2017. Sleepless Nights because of Ethical Dilemmas in Mental Health Care for Asylum Seekers. Journal of Refugee Studies 31/4: 466–487.

Kuschminder, Katie. 2017. Afghan Refugee Journeys: Onwards Migration Decision-Making in Greece and Turkey. Journal of Refugee Studies 31/4: 566–587.

Magrini, Tullia. 2005. Music and Gender: Perspectives from the Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

MENA Research Center. 2025. Political Islam in Bosnia-Herzegovina. 9. 4. Https://www.mena-researchcenter.org/political-islam-in-bosnia-herzegovina/ (accessed 13. 5. 2025).

Mestheneos, Elisabeth, and Elli Ioannidi. 2002. Obstacles to Refugee Integration in the European Union Member States. Journal of Refugee Studies 15/3: 304–320.

Meyer, Jan. 2009. Islamic Groups Want Sharia Law in Germany. Islamist Watch, 19. 5. Https://www.meforum.org/islamist-watch/islamic-groups-want-sharia-law-in-germany (accessed 1. 3. 2024).

Muslim News. 2017. Germany: Islamophobic Attacks in Germany on Rise. 27. 12. Https://muslimnews.co.uk/news/islamophobia/germany-islamophobic-attacks-rise/ (accessed 13. 4. 2024).

Oxford Reference. [n. d.]. Khamr. Https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100035621 (accessed 13. 4. 2024).

Pancevski, Bojan. 2023. Antisemitism among Muslim Migrants Unsettles a Germany Haunted by the Holocaust. Wall Street Journal, 18. 10. Https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/antisemitism-among-muslim-migrants-unsettles-a-germany-haunted-by-the-holocaust-ff359e73 (accessed 13. 4. 2024).

Pfündel, Katrin, Ania Stichs, and Kerstin Tanis. 2021. Executive Summary of the Study Muslim Life in Germany 2020. Nürnberg: German Islam Conference.

Phillimore, Jenny, and Linda Goodson. 2006. Problem or Opportunity? Asylum Seekers, Refugees, Employment and Social Exclusion in Deprived Urban Areas. Urban Studies 43/10: 1715–1736.

Qur’an. [n.d.]. Https://quran.com/en/26:224/tafsirs/en-tafsir-maarif-ul-quran (accessed 21. 4. 2024).

Reuters. 2023. Germany’s Scholz Condemns Iranian Backing Hamas. 12. 10. Https://www.reuters.com/world/germanys-scholz-condemns-iranian-backing-hamas-2023-10-12/#:~:text=BERLIN%2C%20Oct%2012%20(Reuters),that%20backed%20the%20Islamist%20movement (accessed 13. 10. 2024).

Richardson, Robin. 2012. Islamophobia or Anti-Muslim Racism – Concepts and Terms Revisited. Http://www.insted.co.uk/anti-muslim-racism.pdf (accessed 10. 12. 2016).

Robila, Mihaela. 2018. Refugees and Social Integration in Europe. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

Snel, Erik, Godfried Engbersen, and Arjen Leerkes. 2006. Transnational Involvement and Social Integration. Global Networks 6/3: 285–308.

Spencer, Robert. 2013. Not Peace but a Sword: The Great Chasm Between Christianity and Islam. San Diego: Catholic Answers Press.

Strang, Alison, and Alastair Ager. 2010. Refugee Integration: Emerging Trends and Remaining Agendas. Journal of Refugee Studies 23/4: 589–607.

Surig, Inken, and Maren Wilmes. 2015. The Integration of the Second Generation in Germany: Results of the TIES Survey on the Descendants of Turkish and Yugoslavian Migrants. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

UNHCR. 2017. Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2016. Geneva: UN Refugee Agency.

U.S. Department of State’s Bureau. 2017. Https://web-archive-2017.ait.org.tw/infousa/zhtw/DOCS/whatsdem/whatdm2.htm (accessed 12. 3. 2024).

Voll, John O. 2007. Political Islam and the State. Religion Compass 1/1: 170–178. Https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2006.00017.x.

WELT. 2022. SPD und Iran: Die Proteste in Teheran und Olaf Scholz' Schweigen. 17. 10. https://www.welt.de/debatte/kommentare/article241626447/SPD-und-Iran-Die-Proteste-in-Teheran-und-Olaf-Scholz-Schweigen.html (accessed 1. 2. 2025).

Zeit Online. 2014. Islam, Pegida, Flüchtlinge, Deutschland. Zeit Online: Politics, 15. 12. Https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2014-12/islam-pegida-fluechtlinge-deutschland-umfrage (accessed 3. 4. 2017).

Zetter, Roger, David Griffiths, and Nando Sigona. 2005. Social Capital or Social Exclusion? The Impact of Asylum-Seeker Dispersal on UK Refugee Community Organizations. Community Development Journal 40/2: 169–181.

Zwick, Martin. 2003. Von der Baracke zum Eigenheim. Zur Veränderung der Wohnsituation von Ausländern in Deutschland. AiD: Ausländer in Deutschland 19/2: 3–4.