Comparison study of flaxseed, cinnamon and lemon seed essential oils additives on quality and fermentation characteristics of lucerne silage

Authors

  • Maghsoud BESHARATI Department of Animal Science, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tabriz, 51666, Iran
  • Valiollah PALANGI Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
  • Masomeh NIAZIFAR Department of Animal Science, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tabriz, 51666, Iran
  • Zabihollah NEMATI Department of Animal Science, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tabriz, 51666, Iran

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2020.115.2.1483

Keywords:

lucerne silage, essential oils, medicinal plants, nutritive value

Abstract

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of some essential oils on chemical properties and aerobic stability of lucerne silage. Treatments included lucerne silage without additives (control), lucerne silage with 60 mg cinnamon essential oil/kg, lucerne silage with 60 mg flaxseed essential oil/kg, lucerne silage with 60 mg lemon seed essential oil/kg, lucerne silage with 180 mg blend of essential oils (60 mg cinnamon + 60 mg flaxseed + 60 mg lemon seed essential oils/kg). Adding essential oils to lucerne silage reduced silage pH (p < 0.001) compared to control. The highest level of total volatile fatty acids (tVFA) was found when lemon seed essential oil and the lowest level when flaxseed essential oil was used. The lucerne silages treated with essential oils had the highest crude protein contents (p < 0.01). Untreated lucerne silage had the highest level of gas production compared to lucerne silage treated with lemon seed and flaxseed essential oils (p < 0.01). The essential oil additives increased the aerobic stability of the silage. It can be concluded that the use of essential oil additive in the preparation of high quality lucerne silage, can improves the quality and nutritive value of silages.

References

Amini Pour, H., Naserian, A., Vakiliand, A.R. and Tahmasbi, A.M. (2017). Effect of essential plant oil used as an additive to alter silage fermentation in ruminant by in vitro. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 14(1), 145-152. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2429

Association of Offical Analytic Chemists (AOAC) (2002). Official method of Analytic. Vol. 1. 17 thed. AOAC, Arilington VA. P: 120-155.

Beauchemin, K.A. (2008). A review of plant derived essential oils in ruminant nutrition and production. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145, 209–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.014

Benchaar, C., Chaves, A.V., Fraser, G.R., Wang, Y., Beauchemin, K.A. and McAllister, T.A. (2007). Effects of essential oils and their components on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 87, 413-419. https://doi.org/10.4141/CJAS07012

Bolsen, K.K., Bonilla, D.R., Huck, G.L., Young, M.A. and Hart-Thakur, R.A. (1996). Effect of propionic acid bacterial inoculant on fermentation and aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage. In: Report of Progress of Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station. Kansas State University, Manhattan, P: 78–81. https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.2008

Borshchevskaya, L.N., Gordeeva, T.L., Kalinina, N. and Sineokii, S.P. (2016). Spectrophotometric determination of lactic acid. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 71(8), 755-758. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934816080037

Brochers, R. (1965). Proteolytic activity of rumen fluid in vitro. Journal of Animal Science, 24, 1033-1038. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1965.2441033x

Busquet, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A. and Kamel, C. (2005). Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts and secondary plant metabolites on rumen microbial fermentation in continuous culture. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 123, 597-613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.03.008

Chaves, A.V., Baah, J., Wang, Y., McAllistera, T.A. and Benchaar, C. (2012). Effects of cinnamon leaf, oregano and sweet orange essential oils on fermentation and aerobic stability of barley silage. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92(4), 906-915. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4669

Cheng, Y., Chen, C. and Peng, P. (2001). Effects of Different Additives on Silage Quality of Napier grass. Proceedings of the 19th International Grassland Congress, San Pedro, P: 233-238.

Dubios, A., Giles, M.K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Ronerts, P.A. and Smith, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 28, 350-356. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60111a017

Fedorah, P.M. and Hrudey, S.E. (1983). A simple apparatus for measuring gas production by methanogenic cultures serum bottles. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 4, 425-435. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593338309384228

Fraser, G.R., Chaves, A.V., Wang, Y., McAllister, T.A., Beauchemin, K.A. and Benchaar, C. (2007). Assessment of the effects of cinnamon leaf oil on rumen microbial fermentation using two continuous culture systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 2315-2328. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-688

Fraser, G.R., Chaves, A.V., Wang, Y., McAllister, T.A., Beauchemin, K.A. and Benchaar, C. (2007). Assessment of the effects of cinnamon leaf oil on rumen microbial fermentation using two continuous culture systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 2315–2328. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-688

Getachew, G., Robinson, P.H., DePeters, E.J. and Taylor, S.J. (2004). Relationships between chemical composition, dry matter degradation and in vitro gas production of several ruminants feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 111, 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(03)00217-7

Hart, K.J., Yáñez-Ruiz, D.R., Duval, S.M., McEwan, N.R. and Newbold, C.J. (2008). Plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 147, 8–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.007

Hodjatpanah-Montazeri, M., Danesh Mesgaran, M. and Vakili, A. (2016). Effect of essential oils of various plants as microbial modifier to alter corn silage fermentation and in vitro methane production. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 6(2), 269-276 (in Persian).

Ismaiel, A. and Pierson, M.D. (1990). Inhibition of growth and germination of C. botulinum 33A, 40B, and 1623E by essential oil of species. Journal of Food Science, 55, 1676-1678. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb03598.x

Jahani-Azizabadi, H., Danesh-Mesgaran, M., Vakili, A.R. and Rezayazdi, K. (2014). Effect of some plant essential oils on in vitro ruminal methane production and on fermentation characteristics of a mid-forage diet. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 16, 1543-1554.

Khadem, A.A., Sharifi, M., Afzalzadeh A. and Rezaeian, M. (2009). Effects of diets containing alfalfa hay or barley flour mixed alfalfa silage on feeding behavior, productivity, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites in lactating cows. Journal of Animal Science, 80, 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2009.00653.x

Kung, L.J. and Ranjit, N.K. (2001). The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and other additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of barley silage. Journal of Dairy Science, 84, 1149-1155. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74575-4

Kung, L.J., Williams, P., Schmidt, R.J. and Hu, W. (2008). A blend of essential plant oils used as an additive to alter silage fermentation or used as a feed additive for lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 91, 4793-4800. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1402

Kung, L.J.R., Robinson, J.R., Ranjit, N.K., Chen, J.H., Golt, C.M. and Pesek, J.D. (2000). Microbial population, fermentation end-products, and aerobic stability of corn silage treated with ammonia or a propionic acid-based preservative. Journal of Dairy Science, 83, 1479-1486. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75020-X

Macheboeuf, D., Morgavi, D.P., Papon, Y., Mousset, J.L. and Arturo-Schaan, M. (2008). Dose–response effects of essential oils on in vitro fermentation activity of the rumen microbial population. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145, 335–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.044

Markham, R. (1942). A steam distillation apparatus suitable for micro-Kjeldahl analysis. Biochemical Journal, 36, 790. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0360790

McDonald, P., Henderson, A.R. and Heron, S.J.E. (1991). The Biochemistry of Silage. Chalcombe Publications, Marlow, UK, P: 184-236.

McDougall, E.I. (1948). The composition and output of sheep in saliva. Biochemical Journal, 43, 99-109. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0430099

McIntosh, F.M., Williams, P., Losa, R., Wallace, R.J., Beever, D.A. and Newbold, C.J. (2003). Effects of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 69, 5011-5014. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.69.8.5011-5014.2003

Menke, K.H., Raab, L., Salewski, A., Steingass, H., Fritz, D. and Schneider, W. (1979). The estimation of the digestibility and metabolisable energy content of ruminant feeding stuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 93, 217-222. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600086305

Moran, J.P., Weinberg, Z.G., Ashbell, G., Hen, Y. and Owen, T.R. (1996). A comparison of two methods for the evaluation of the aerobic stability of whole crop wheat silage. Proc. 11st Int. Silage Conf. Aberystwyth, UK, P. 162-163.

Navarro-Villa, A., O‘Brien, M., López, S., Boland, T.M. and O‘Kiely, P. (2013). In vitro rumen methane output of grasses and grass silages differing in fermentation characteristics using the gas-production technique (GPT). Grass and Forage Science, 68(2), 228-244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2012.00894.x

Palangi, V., Khoshvaghti, H., Sharafi, Y. and Eivazi, P. (2012). Determination of nutritive value of Sallow and Service leaves using nylon bags and gas production techniques. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 40, 361-365.

Palangi, V. and Macit, M. (2019). In situ crude protein and dry matter ruminal degradability of heat-treated barley. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire. 170, 123-128.

Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS) (2002). Sas User’s Guide: Statistics. Statistical Analysis Systems Institute Inc, Cary, NC.

Selwet, M. (2009). Effect of propionic and formic acid mixtures on the fermentation, fungi development and aerobic stability of maize silage. Polish Journal of Agronomy, 1, 37-42.

Soycan-Önenç, S., Coşkuntuna, L., Koç, F., Özdüven, M.L. and Gümüş, T. (2017). Effects of essential oils of oregano and cinnamon on fermentation quality and ın vitro metabolic energy of field pea silages. Animal Production Science, 58(2), 39-44.

Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3583. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2

Downloads

Published

15. 06. 2020

Issue

Section

Agronomy section

How to Cite

BESHARATI, M., PALANGI, V., NIAZIFAR, M., & NEMATI, Z. (2020). Comparison study of flaxseed, cinnamon and lemon seed essential oils additives on quality and fermentation characteristics of lucerne silage. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 115(2), 455–462. https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2020.115.2.1483