Sustainable effective use of brackish and canal water for rice-wheat crop production and soil health

Authors

  • Khalil AHMED Soil Salinity Research Institute (SSRI), Pindi Bhattian, Pakistan
  • Amar Iqbal SAQIB Soil Salinity Research Institute (SSRI), Pindi Bhattian, Pakistan
  • Ghulam QADIR Soil Salinity Research Institute (SSRI), Pindi Bhattian, Pakistan
  • Muhammad Qaisar NAWAZ Soil Salinity Research Institute (SSRI), Pindi Bhattian, Pakistan
  • Muhammad RIZWAN Soil Salinity Research Institute (SSRI), Pindi Bhattian, Pakistan
  • Syed Saqlain HUSSAIN Soil Salinity Research Institute (SSRI), Pindi Bhattian, Pakistan
  • Muhammad IRFAN Soil Salinity Research Institute (SSRI), Pindi Bhattian, Pakistan
  • Muhammad Mohsin ALI Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2021.117.3.1883

Keywords:

canal water, brackish water, rice, wheat, soil health

Abstract

A pot study was conducted to develop reasonable irrigation scheduling methods for rice-wheat crop rotation by conjunctive use of low-quality brackish water and good quality canal water. Treatments tested were; T1 (canal water), T2 (brackish water), T3 (brackish water for rice and canal water for wheat), T4 (last two irrigations to rice, and initial two irrigations to wheat with canal water), T5 (last two irrigations to rice but two initial and one last irrigation to wheat with canal water). Results revealed that irrigation with canal water resulted in the maximum mean biomass and grain yield of rice and wheat crops followed by cyclic use of brackish and canal water. While continuous irrigation with brackish water resulted the lowest mean biomass and grain yield. The different modes of irrigations also influenced chemical properties of soil, brackish water adversely affected the soil properties, and maximum pH of soil saturated paste (pHs), electrical conductivity of soil extract (ECe) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were recorded where brackish water was used continuously. Therefore, it was concluded that when water is valuable and freshwater resources are limited, cyclic use of the canal and brackish water is also profitable with marginal effect on biomass and grain yield and proves least detrimental for soil health.

References

Al Khamisi, S.A., Prathapar, S.A., Ahmed, M. (2013). Conjunctive use of reclaimed water and groundwater in crop rotations. Agricultural Water Management, 116, 228-234.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.07.013

Amirjani, M.R. (2011). Effect of salinity stress on growth, sugar content, pigments and enzyme activity of rice. International Journal of Botany, 7, 73-81. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2011.73.81

Avais, M.A., Ghulam, Q., Khalil, A., Muhammad, I., Amar, I.S., Imtiaz, A.W., Muhammad, Q.N., Muhammad, S., Muhammad, A. (2018). Role of inorganic and organic amendments in ameliorating the effects of brackish water for raya-sunflower production. International Journal of Biosciences, 12, 117-122.

Bedaiwy, M.N.A. (2012). A simplified approach for determining the hydrometer's dynamic settling depth in particle-size analysis. Catena, 97, 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2012.05.010

Biswas, A., Amiya, B. (2014). Comprehensive approaches in rehabilitating salt affected soils: a review on Indian perspective. Open Transactions on Geosciences, 1, 13-24.https://doi.org/10.15764/GEOS.2014.01003

Bredehoeft, J.D., Young, R. A. (1983). Conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water: Risk aversion, Water Resource Research, 19, 1111-1121. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR019i005p01111

Castillo, E.G., To Phuc, Abdelbaghi, M.A., Kazuyuki, I. (2007). Response to salinity in rice: comparative effects of osmotic and ionic stress. Plant Production Science, 10(2), 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.10.159

Chen, W., Menggui, J., Ty, P.A.F., Yanfeng, L., Yang, X., Tianrui, S., Xue, P. (2018). Spatial distribution of soil moisture, soil salinity, and root density beneath a cotton field under mulched drip irrigation with brackish and fresh water. Field Crops Research, 215, 207-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.10.019

Choudhary, O.P., Ghuman, B.S., Singh, B., Thuy, N., Buresh, R.J. (2011). Effects of long-term use of sodic water irrigation, amendments and crop residues on soil properties and crop yields in rice-wheat cropping system in a calcareous soil. Field Crops Research, 121, 363-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.01.004

De Oliveira, A.B., Alencar, N.L.M., Gomes-Filho, E. (2013). Comparison between the water and salt stress effects on plant growth and development. In: Sener Akıncı, S. (Ed.), Responses of Organisms to Water Stress, (Publisher, Intechopen, 2013, published: January 16, 2013 under CC BY 3.0 license. 10.5772/54223). https://doi.org/10.5772/54223

Eaton, F.M. (1950). Significance of carbonate in irrigation waters. Soil Science, 67, 123-133. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195002000-00004

FAO. (2011). Agriculture and water quality interactions: a global overview. SOLAW Background Thematic Report - TR08. http://www.fao.org/3/bl092e/bl092e.pdf.

Gandahi, A.W., Kubar, A., Sarki, M.S., Talpur, N., Gandahi, M. (2017). Response of conjunctive use of fresh and saline water on growth and biomass of cotton genotypes. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 13, 326-334. https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2017.13.54

Ghafoor, A., Qadir, M., Qureshi, R.H. (1991). Using brackish water on normal and salt affected soil in Pakistan: A review. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 28, 273-288.

Huang, M., Zhang, Z., Sheng, Z., Zhu, C., Zhai, Y., Lu, P. (2019). Effect on soil properties and maize growth by alternate irrigation with brackish water. Transactions of the ASABE, 62(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.13046

Hussain, Z., Khattak, R.A., Irshad, M., Mahmood, Q., An, P. (2016). Effect of saline irrigation water on the leachability of salts, growth and chemical composition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in saline-sodic soil supplemented with phosphorus and potassium. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 16(3), 604-620.

https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162016005000031

Kavosi, M. (1995). The best model to rice yield prediction in salinity condition. Dissertation of MSc. Tabriz University.

Lafitte, H.R., Ismail, A., Bennett, J. (2004). Abiotic stress tolerance in rice Fore Asia progress and the future. International Rice Research Institute, DAPO 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines.

Latif, M., Beg, A. (2004). Hydrosalinity issues, challenges and options in OIC member states. In: M. Latif, S. Mahmood, and M.M. Saeed, eds. Proceedings of the International Training Workshop on Hydrosalinity Abatement and Advance Techniques for Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture, pp. 1-14. September 20-25, 2004. PCRWR, Islamabad.

Latteef, E.M.A. (2010). Saline irrigation water and its effect on N use efficiency, growth and yield of sorghum plant using 15N. MSC thesis. Al-Azhar University, Cairo. p. 46.

Levy, G.H., Mamedov, A.I., Goldstein, D. (2003). Sodicity and water quality effects on slaking of aggregates from semi-arid soils. Soil Science, 168, 552-562. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ss.0000085050.25696.52

Maas, E.V., Hoffman, G.J. (1977). Crop salt tolerance-current assessment. Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, 103, 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1061/JRCEA4.0001137

Minhas, P.S. (1996). Saline water management for irrigation in India. Agricultural Water Management, 30(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(95)01211-7

Minhas, P.S., Dubey, S.K., Sharma. D.R. (2007). Comparative effects of blending, intera/inter-seasonal cyclic uses of alkali and good quality waters on soil properties and yields of paddy and wheat. Agricultural Water Management, 87, 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2006.06.003

Minhas, P.S., Gupta, R.K. (1993). Conjunctive use of saline and non-saline waters. I. Response of wheat to initially variable salinity profiles and modes of salinization. Agricultural Water Management, 23, 125-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(93)90036-A

Minhas, P.S., Qadir, M., Yadav, R.K. (2019). Groundwater irrigation induced soil sodification and response options. Agricultural Water Management, 215, 74-85.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.12.030

Mojid, M.A., Mia, M.S., Saha, A.K., Tabriz, S.S. (2014). Growth stage sensitivity of wheat to irrigation water salinity. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 11, 147-152. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v11i1.18226

Moradi, F. (2002). Physiological characterization of rice cultivars for salinity tolerance during vegetative and reproductive stages. Ph.D Thesis. University of philippines, Los Banos. Philippines

Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environment, 25, 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00808.x

Munns, R., Tester, M. (2008). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59, 651-681.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911

Murad, K.F. Akbar, H., Oli, A.F., Sujit, K.B., Khokan, K.S., Rahena, P.R., Jagadish, T. (2018). Conjunctive use of saline and fresh water increases the productivity of maize in saline coastal region of Bangladesh. Agricultural Water Management, 204, 262-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.04.019

Murtaza, B., Ghulam, M., Muhammad, S., Gary, O., Ghulam, A., Muhammad, I., Ghulam, M.S. (2017). Amelioration of saline-sodic soil with gypsum can increase yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice-wheat cropping system. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 6, 1267-1280. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2016.1276285

Pessarakli, M. (2016). Handbook of Photosynthesis, third ed. CRC Press Florida, Taylor & Francis Publishing Group p. 846. https://doi.org/10.1201/b19498

Qadir, G., Khalil, A., Amar, I.S., Muhammad, I., Muhammad, Q.N., Muhammad, S., Zaheen, M. (2019). Sustainable use of brackish water for cotton wheat rotation. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 7(4), 593-601

Qadir, M., Ghafoor, A. Murtaza, G. (2001). Use of saline sodic waters through phytoremediation of calcareous saline sodic soils. Agricultural Water Management, 50, 197-210.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(01)00101-9

Qadir, M., Oster, J.D., Schuber S., Noble, A.D., Sahrawatk, K.L. (2007). Phytoremediation of sodic and saline-sodic soils. Advances in Agronomy, 96, 197-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(07)96006-X

Qadir, M., Sharma, B.R., Bruggeman, A., Choukr-Allah, R., Karajeh, F. (2007). Non-conventional water resources and opportunities for water augmentation to achieve food security in water scarce countries. Agricultural Water Management, 87, 2-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2006.03.018

Qureshi, A.S., Turral, H., Masih, I. (2004). Strategies for the management of conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources in semi-arid areas: A case study from Pakistan. Research Report 86. Colombo, Sri Lanka: IWMI.

Qureshi, R.H., Barrett-Lennard, E.G. (1998). Saline Agriculture for Irrigated Land in Pakistan: A handbook. Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research, Canberra.

Rad, H.E., Farshid, A., Rezaei, M., Amiri, E., Khaledian, M.R. (2011). The effects of salinity at different growth stage on rice yield. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 17(2), 111-117.

Rhoades, J.D. (1998). Use of saline and brackish waters for irrigation: implications and role in increasing food production, conserving water, sustaining irrigation and controlling soil and water degradation. In: R. Ragab, and G. Pearce, eds. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Use of Saline and Brackish Water for Irrigation, pp. 261-304.

July 23-24, 1998, National ICID Committee, Bali, Indonesia.

Sharma, D.K., Singh, A., Sharma, P.C., Dagar, J.C., Chaudhari, S.K. (2016). Sustainable management of sodic soils for crop production: opportunities and challenges. Journal of Soil Salinity and Water Quality, 8, 109-130.

Sheoran, P., Basak, N., Ashwani Kumar, A., Yadav, R.K., Randhir, S., Raman, S., Satyendra, K., Ranjay, K., Sharma, P.C. (2021). Ameliorants and salt tolerant varieties improve rice-wheat production in soils undergoing sodification with alkali water irrigation in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Agricultural Water Management, 243, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106492

Singh, A. (2014). Conjunctive use of water resources for sustainable irrigated agriculture. Journal of Hydrology, 519, 1688-1697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.09.049

Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H., Dickey, D.A. (1997). Principles and Procedures of Statistic: A Biometrical Approach. 3rd edition, pp, 400-428. Mc Graw Hill book Co. Inc. New York.

U.S. Salinity Lab. Staff. (1954). Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. USDA Handbook 60, Washington DC, USA.

Xue, J., Ren, L. (2017). Conjunctive use of saline and non‐saline water in an irrigation district of the Yellow River Basin. Irrigation and Drainage, 66, 147-162. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2102

Zaka, M.A., Helge, S., Hafeezullah, R., Muhammad, S, Khalil, A. (2018). Utilization of brackish and canal water for reclamation and crop production. International Journal of Biosciences, 12, 7-17. https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/12.3.7-17

Zeng, L., Shannon, M.C. (2003). Salinity effects on seedling growth and yield components of rice. Crop Science, 40, 996-1003. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2000.404996x

Zhang, J., Lin, Y.J., Zhu, L.F., Yu, S.M., Sanjoy, K.K., Jin, Q.Y. (2015). Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene on function of flag leaf and development of superior and inferior spikelets in rice cultivars differing in panicle types. Field Crops Research, 177, 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.03.003

Downloads

Published

10. 11. 2021

Issue

Section

Original Scientific Article

How to Cite

AHMED, K., SAQIB, A. I., QADIR, G., NAWAZ, M. Q., RIZWAN, M., HUSSAIN, S. S., IRFAN, M., & ALI, M. M. (2021). Sustainable effective use of brackish and canal water for rice-wheat crop production and soil health. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 117(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2021.117.3.1883

Most read articles by the same author(s)