Možnosti nekemičnega zatiranja virusonosnih ogorčic Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen, 1950

Julija POLANŠEK; Franci Aco CELAR; Saša ŠIRCA

doi:10.14720/aas.2023.119.4.15212

Authors

Julija Polanšek Kmetijski inštitut Slovenije, Ljubljana, Slovenija
Franci Aco CELAR Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za agronomijo, Ljubljana, Slovenija
Saša ŠIRCA Kmetijski inštitut Slovenije, Ljubljana, Slovenija

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2023.119.4.15212

Keywords:

virus-transmitting nematodes, Xiphinema index, nepoviruses, vitis vinifera, GFLV, nematicides, biological control

Abstract

Nematodes are widespread organisms that exhibit remarkable ubiquity, biodiversity, and adaptability in diverse ecosystems. While most nematodes are beneficial, there are also some parasitic species that have harmful effects. Among these plant-parasitic nematodes is the species Xiphinema index. It primarily colonizes the root environment of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.), as these vines serve as its primary host. Although the nematode’s direct effects on roots are not particularly problematic, it poses a significant threat to grapevine because it can transmit and introduce Grapevine Fanleaf Virus (GFLV), a member of the genus Nepovirus. Infection with GFLV can result in yield losses of over 80 %. Therefore, it is imperative to take preventive measures to contain the uncontrolled spread of nematodes and the resulting infections in vineyards. In addition to transmission through planting material, agricultural machinery and implements in vineyards are also important vectors. Traditional chemical methods of controlling X. index have proven ineffective due to the nematodes’ resilience and widespread distribution in the soil. Future efforts should therefore focus on pursuing alternative, more effective approaches. In addition to intercropping, the efficacy of bacterial and fungal preparations has also been tested and offers great potential for further research.

References

Abad, P., Gouzy, J., Aury, J. M. in sod. (2008). Genome sequence of the metazoan plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Nature Biotechnology, 26, 909–915. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1482

Aballay, E., Insunza, B. (2002). Evaluation of plants with nematicidal properties in the control of Xiphinema index on table grapes cv. Thompson Seedless in the central zone of Chile. Agricultura Técnica, 62(3), 357–365. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0365-28072002000300002

Aballay, E., Sepúlveda, R., Insunza, V. (2004). Evaluation of five nematode-antagonistic plants used as green manure to control Xiphinema index Thorne et Allen on Vitis vinifera L. Nematropica, 34, 45–51.

Aballay, E., Persson, P., Mårtensson, A. (2009). Plant-parasitic nematodes in Chilean vineyards. Nematropica, 39, 85–97.

Aballay, E., Mårtensson, A., Persson, P. (2011). Screening of rhizobacteria from grapevine for their suppressive effect on Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen on in vitro grape plants. Plant Soil, 347, 313–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0851-6

Aballay, E., Prodan, S., Mårtensson, A., Persson, P. (2012). Assessment of rhizobacteria from grapevine for their suppressive effect on the parasitic nematode Xiphinema index. Crop Protection, 42, 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.08.013

Aballay, E., Prodan, S., Correa, P., Allende, J. (2020). Assessment of rhizobacterial consortia to manage plant parasitic nematodes of grapevine. Crop Protection, 131, 105103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105103

Andret-Link, P., Laporte, C., Valat, L., Ritzenthaler, C., Demangeat, G., Vigne, E., Laval, V., Pfeiffer, P., Stussi-Garaud, C., Fuchs, M. (2004). Grapevine fanleaf virus: Still a major threat to the grapevine industry. Journal of Plant Pathology, 86(3), 183–195.

Andret-Link, P., Marmonier, A., Belval, L., Hleibieh, K., Ritzenthaler, C., Demangeat, D. (2017). Ectoparasitic nematode vectors of grapevine viruses. V: Meng, B., Martelli, G. P., Golino, D. A., Fuchs, M. (ur.). Grapevine viruses: molecular biology, diagnostics and management. Springer Verlag, Cham, Switzerland, 505–530. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57706-7_25

Archidona-Yuste, A., Cai, R., Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, C., Carreira, A. J., Rey, A., Viñegla, B., Liébanas, G., Palomares-Rius, E. J., Castillo, P. (2020). Morphostatic Speciation within the Dagger Nematode Xiphinema hispanum-Complex Species (Nematoda: Longidoridae). Plants, 9(12), 1649. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9121649

Araújo, J. V., Braga, F. R., Silva, A. R., Araujo, J. M., Tavela, A. O. (2008). In vitro evaluation of the effect of the nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans, Monacrosporium sinense, and Pochonia chlamydosporia on Ascaris suum eggs. Parasitology Research, 102, 787–790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-007-0852-9

Atreya, K. (2008). Health costs from short-term exposure to pesticides in Nepal. Social Science & Medicine, 67, 511–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.04.005

Baginsky, C., Contreras, A., Covarrubias, I. J., Seguel, O., Aballay, E. (2013). Control of plant-parasitic nematodes using cover crops in table grape cultivation in Chile. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria, 40(3), 547–557. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-16202013000300008

Baldwin, J. G., Nadler, S. A., Wall, D. H. (2000). Nematodes: pervading the earth and linking all life. V: Nature and human society: the quest for a sustainable world: proceedings of the 1997 forum on biodiversity. Raven P., Williams T. (ur). Washington DC: National Academy Press, 91–176.

Bello, A. (1998). Biofumigation and integrated pest management. V: Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for the Southern European Countries. Bello, A., González, J. A., Arias, M., Rodríguez-Kábana R. (ur.). PhytomaEspaña, DG XI EU, CSIC, Valencia, Spain, 99–126.

Bileva, T., Choleva, B., Hockland, S., Ciancio, A. (2009). Management of virus-transmitting nematodes with nematodes with special emphasis on South-East Europe. V: Integrated management of fruit crops and forest nematodes. Ciancio, A., Mukerji, K. G. (ur.). 215–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9858-1_9

Bilgrami, A. L., Brey, C. (2005). Potential of predatory nematodes to control plant-parasitic nematodes. Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents. 447–464. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851990170.0447

Birch, A., Robertson, W., Fellows, L. (1993). Plants products to control plant parasitic nematodes. Pesticide Science, 39, 141–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780390207

Blaxter, M. (2011). Nematodes: The worm and its relatives. PLoS Biology, 9(4), e1001050. https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/083d39ea-2269-4915-9297-bc6d9a9f7c58

Boosalis, M. G., Mankau, R. (1965). Parasitism and predation of soil microorganisms. V: Ecology of Soil-Borne Plant Pathogens. Baker, K. F., Snyder, W. C. (ur.). Berkeley, California, USA: University of California Press, 374–391.

Braga, F. R., de Araújo, J. V. (2014). Nematophagous fungi for biological control of gastrointestinal nematodes in domestic animals. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 98, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5366-z

Brown, D. J. F., Robertson, W. M., Trudgill, D. L. (1995). Transmission of viruses by plant nematodes. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 33, 223–249. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.33.090195.001255

Brun, G. L., Macdonald, R. M, Verge, J., Aubé, J. (2008). Long-term atmospheric deposition of current-use and banned pesticides in Atlantic Canada; 1980 – 2000. Chemosphere, 314–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.09.003

Chitwood, D. J. (2003). Nematicides. V: Encyclopedia of Agrochemicals. Plimmer, J. R. (ur.). JohnWiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 3, 1104–1115. https://doi.org/10.1002/047126363X.agr171

Coomans, A. (2000). Nematode systematics: past, present and future. Nematology, 2(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854100508845

Coyne, D. L., Cortada, L., Dalzell, J. J., Claudius-Cole, A. O., Haukeland, S., Luambano, N. (2018). Plant-parasitic nematodes and food security in sub-Saharan Africa. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 56, 381–403. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045833

Da Silva, M. E., de Araújo, J. V., Braga, F. R., Borges, L. A., Soares, F. E. F., dos Santos Lima, W. (2013). Mycelial mass production of fungi Duddingtonia flagrans and Monacrosporium thaumasium under different culture conditions. BMC Research Notes, 6, 340. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-6-340

Daragó, Á., Szabó, M., Hrács, K. (2013). In vitro investigations on the biological control of Xiphinema index with Trichoderma species. Helminthologia, 50, 132–137. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11687-013-0121-7

Decraemer, W., Hunt, D. (2006). Structure and clasiffication. V: Plant Nematology. Perry, R. N., Moens, M. (ur.). Wallingford, UK: CABI, 3–32. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845930561.0003

De Ley, P. (2006). A quick tour of nematode diversity and the backbone of nematode phylogeny. V: Worm Book, The C. elegans Research Community. https://doi.org/10.1895/wormbook.1.41.1

Demangeat, G., Komara, V., Cornueta, P., Esmenjaudb, D., Fuchsa, M. (2004). Sensitive and reliable detection of grapevine fanleaf virus in a single Xiphinema index nematode vector. Journal of Virological Methods, 122(2004), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.08.006

Demangeat, G., Voisin, R., Minot, J. C., Bosselut, N., Fuchs, M., Esmenjaud, D. (2005). Survival of Xiphinema index in vineyard soil and retention of grapevine fanleaf virus over extended time in the absence of host plants. Phytopathology, 95, 1151–1156. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-95-1151

Djennane, S., Prado, E., Dumas, V., Demangeat, G., Gersch, S., Alais, A. (2021). A single resistance factor to solve vineyard degeneration due to grapevine fanleaf virus. Communications Biology, 4, 637. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02164-4

Dong, L. Q., Zhang, K. Q. (2006). Microbial control of plant-parasitic nematodes: a five-party interaction. Plant Soil, 288, 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9009-3

EFSA Panel on Plant Health (EFSA PLH Panel), Jeger M., Bragard C., Caffier D., Candresse T., Chatzivassiliou E., Dehnen-Schmutz K., Gilioli G., Gregoire J., Miret J. A. J., MacLeod A., Navarro M. N., Parnell S., Potting R., Rafoss T., Rossi V., Urek G., Van Bruggen A., Van der Werf W., West J., Winter S., Kaluski T., Niere B. 2018. Pest categorisation of Xiphinema americanum sensu lato. EFSA Journal, 16(7), 5298. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5298

EPPO Global database. (2022). V: EPPO Global database, Paris, France: EPPO. 1 pp. Dostopno na: https://gd.eppo.int/. (april, 2022).

Esmenjaud, D., Pistre R., Bongiovanni, M. (1988). Nematicide activity of aldicarb in deep and clayey soils against Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen, 1950 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) vector of grapevine fanleaf virus (in French). Mededelingen Van De Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit. Gent, 53(2b), 885–891.

Esmenjaud, D., Walter, B., Valentin, G., Guo, Z. T. Cluzeau, D., Minot, J. C., Voisin, R., Cornuet, P. (1992). Vertical distribution and infectious potential of Xiphinema index (Thorne & Allen, 1950) (Nematoda: Longidoridae) in fields affected by grapevine fanleaf virus in vineyards in the Champagne region of France. Agronomie, 12, 395–399. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:19920505

Esmenjaud, D., Bouquet, A. (2009). Selection and application of resistant germplasm application for grapevine nematodes management. V: Integrated management of fruit crops and forest nematodes. Ciancio, A., Mukerji, K. G. (ur.). Dordercht: Springer, 4, 195–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9858-1_8

Feil, H., Westerdahl, B. B., Smith, R. J., Verdegaal P. (1997). Effects of seasonal and site factors on Xiphinema index in two California vineyards. Journal of Nematology, 29, 491–500.

Flegg, J. M. M. (1968a). The occurrence and depth distribution of Xiphinema and Longidorus species in south eastern England. Nematologica, 14, 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529268X00417

Flegg, J. M. M. (1968b). Life cycle studies of Xiphinema and Longidorus species in south eastern England. Nematologica, 14, 197–210. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529268X00426

FURS, 2023. Uprava za varno hrano, veterinarstvo in varstvo rastlin. Seznam registriranih fitofarmacevtskih sredstev. Dostopno na: http://spletni2.furs.gov.si/FFS/REGSR/index.htm. (marec, 2023).

Galper, S., Cohn, E., Spiegel, Y., Chet, I. (1991). A collagenolytic fungus, Cunninghamella elegans, for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. Journal of Nematology, 23(3), 269–274.

Garcia, S., Hily, J. M., Komar, V., Gertz, C., Demangeat, G., Lemaire, O. (2019). Detection of multiple variants of grapevine fanleaf virus in single Xiphinema index nematodes. Viruses, 11, 1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11121139

Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, C., Palomares-Rius, J. E., Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, C., Landa, B. B., Esmenjaud, D., Castillo, P. (2010). Molecular analysis and comparative morphology to resolve a complex of cryptic Xiphinema species. Zoologica Scripta, 39, 483–498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00437.x

Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, C., Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, C., Remesal, E., Palomares-Rius, J. E., Navas-Cortés, J. A., Castillo, P. (2013). New insight into the identification and molecular phylogeny of dagger nematodes of the genus Xiphinema (Nematoda: Longidoridae) with description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 169, 548–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12071

Hajji-Hedfi, L., M’Hamdi-Boughalleb, N., Horrigue-Raouani, N. (2019). Fungal diversity in rhizosphere of root-knot nematode infected tomatoes in Tunisia. Symbiosis, 79, 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-019-00639-x

Halbrendt, J. M. (1996). Allelopathy in the management of plantparasitic nematodes. Journal of Nematology, 28, 8–14.

Hao, Z., Fayolle, L., Van Tuinen, D., Chatagnier, O., Li, X., Gianinazzi, S., Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. (2012). Local and systemic mycorrhiza-induced protection against the ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index involves priming of defence gene responses in grapevine. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63, 3657–3672. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers046

Hao, Z., Van Tuinen, D., Wipf, D., Fayolle, L., Chataignier, O., Li, X., Chen, B., Gianinazzi, S., Gianinazzi-Pearson, V., Adrian, M. (2017). Biocontrol of grapevine aerial and root pathogens by Paenibacillus sp. strain B2 and paenimyxin in vitro and in planta. Biological Control, 109, 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2017.03.004

Hao, Z., Fayolle, L., Van Tuinen, D., Fayolle, L., Chatagnier, O., Li, X., Chen, B., Gianinazzi, S., Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. (2018). Arbuscular mycorrhiza affects grapevine fanleaf virus transmission by the nematode vector Xiphinema index. Applied Soil Ecology, 129, 107–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2018.05.007

Hewitt, W. B., Raski, D. J., Goheen, A. C. (1958). Nematode vector of soil-borne virus of grapevines. Phytophatology, 48, 586–595.

Hodda, M. (2022). Phylum Nematoda: a classification, catalogue and index of valid genera, with a census of valid species. Zootaxa, 5114(1), 001–289. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5114.1.1

Hugot, J. P., Baujard, P., Morand, S. (2001). Biodiversity in helminths and nematodes as a field of study: an overview. Nematology, 3(3), 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854101750413270

Insunza, V., Aballay, E., Macaya, J. (2001). Nematicidal activity of aqueous plant extracts on Xiphinema index. Nematologia Mediterranea, 29, 35–40.

Jackson, S. R. (2020). Wine Science; Principles and Applications (Fifth Edition). Chapter 4 – Vineyard practice. Food Science and Technology, 1014, 151-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816118-0.00004-0

Jones, J. T., Haegeman, J., Danchin, E. G. J., Gaur, S. H., Helder, J., Jones, M. G. K., Kikuchi, T., Manzanilla-López, R., Palomares-Rius, J. E., Wesemael, W. M. L., Perry, R. N. (2013). Top 10 plant-parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology, 14(9), 946–961. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12057

Kruger, D. H. M., Fourie, J. C., Malan, A. P. (2013). Cover crops with biofumigation properties for the suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes: A review. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 34, 287–295. https://doi.org/10.21548/34-2-1107

Lazarova, S., Coyne, D., Rodríguez, G. M., Peteira, B., Ciancio, A. (2021). Functional Diversity of Soil Nematodes in Relation to the Impact of Agriculture—A Review. Diversity, 13(2), 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020064

Martelli, G. P., Boudon-Padieu, E. (2006). Directory of infectious diseases of grapevines. International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies. Options Méditerranéennes Ser. B, Studies and Research, 55, 59–75.

McKenry, M. V., Buzo, T. (1996). A Novel Approach to Provide Partial Relief from the Walnut Replant Problem. Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions. Methyl Bromide Alternatives Outreach, Fresno, CA, 29 str..

McLeod, R. (1994). Cover crops and inter-row nematode infestation in vineyards. The Australian Grape Grower & Vinemaker, 367, 45–48.

McLeod, R. W., Steel, C. C. (1999). Effects of brassica-leaf green manures and crops on activity and reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica. Nematology, 1, 613–624. https://doi.org/10.1163/156854199508568

Meng, B., Martelli, G. P., Golino, D.A., Fuchs, M. (ur.). (2017). Grapevine viruses: molecular biology, diagnostics and management. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57706-7

Mesa-Valle, C. M., Garrido-Cardenas, J. A., Cebrian-Carmona, J., Talavera, M., Manzano-Agugliaro, F. 2020. Global Research on Plant Nematodes. Agronomy, 10, 1148. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081148

Monteiro, T. S. A., Valadares, S. V., de Mello, I. N. K., Moreira, B. C., Kasuya, M. C. M., de Araújo, J. V. (2018). Nematophagus fungi increasing phosphorus uptake and promoting plant growth. Biological Control, 123, 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2018.05.003

Mostafanezhad, H., Sahebani, N., Nourinejhad Zarghani, S. (2014). Control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) with combination of Arthrobotrys oligospora and salicylic acid and study of some plant defense responses. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 24, 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2013.855166

Nguyen, V.C., Villate, L., Gutierrez-Gutierrez, C., Castillo, P., Van Ghelder, C., Plantard, O. (2019). Phylogeography of the soil-borne vector nematode Xiphinema index highly suggests Eastern origin and dissemination with domesticated grapevine. Scientific Reports, 9, 7313. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43812-4

Nicol, J. M., Turner, S. J., Coyne, D. L., den Nijs, L., Hockland, S., Maafi, Z. T. (2011). Current nematode threats to world agriculture. V: Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant–Nematode Interactions. Jones, J.T., Gheysen, G., Fenoll, C. (ur.). Heidelberg, Springer, 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0434-3_2

Pensec, F., Marmonier, A., Marchal, A., Gersch, S., Nassr, N., Chong, J. (2013). Gypsophila paniculata root saponins as an environmentally safe treatment against two nematodes, natural vectors of grapevine fanleaf degeneration. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 19, 439–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12031

Pires, D., Vicente, C. S. L., Menéndez, E., Faria, J. M. S., Rusinque, L., Camacho, M. J., Inácio, M. L. (2022). The Fight against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes: Current Status of Bacterial and Fungal Biocontrol Agents. Pathogens, 11, 1178. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11101178

Pitcher, R. S. (1975). Factors influencing the movement of nematodes in soil. V: Nematode vector of plant viruses. Lamberti, F., Taylor, C. E., Seinhorst, J. W. (ur.). Springer, Boston, 391–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0841-6_38

Pompe-Novak, M., Korošec-Koruza, Z., Tomažič, I., Klarič, M., Vojvoda, J., Blas, M., Ravnikar, M., Fichs, M., Petrovič, N. (2005). Biotična raznovrstnost virusa pahljačavosti listov vinske trte (GFLV). Zbornik predavanj in referatov 7. slovenskega posvetovanja o varstvu rastlin Zreče, 8–10. Marec 2005, 239–243.

Pozo, M. J., Azcon-Aguilar, C. (2007). Unraveling mycorrhiza-induced resistance. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 10, 393–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2007.05.004

Rahman, L., Somers, T. (2005). Suppression of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) after incorporation of Indian mustard cv. Nemfix as green manure and seed meal in vineyards. Australasian Plant Pathology, 34, 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1071/AP04081

Raski, D. J., Hewitt, W. B., Goheen, A. C., Taylor, C. E., Taylor, R.H. (1965). Survival of Xiphinema index and reservoirs of fanleaf virus in fallowed vineyard soil. Nematologica, 11, 349–352. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529265X00267

Roccuzzo, G., Ciancio, A. (1991). Note on nematodes found in irrigation water in southern Italy. Nematologia Mediterranea, 19, 105–108.

Rubio, B., Lalanne-Tisné, G., Voisin, R., Tandonnet, J. P., Portier, U., Van Ghelder, C. (2020). Characterization of genetic determinants of the resistance to phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, and the dagger nematode Xiphinema index from muscadine background. BMC Plant Biology, 20, 213. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-020-2310-0

Sanfaçon, H. (2020). Nepoviruses (Secoviridae). Update of Sanfacon, H. (2008). Nepovirus. V: Encyclopedia of Virology. Mahy, B. W. J.,Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (ur.). Academic Press, 405–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012374410-4.00449-0

Schouteden, N., De Waele, D., Panis, B., Vos, C. M. (2015). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for the biocontrol of plant-parasitic nematodes: a review of the mechanisms involved. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 1280. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01280

Schurig, J., Ipach, U., Hahn, M., Winterhagen, P. (2021a). Evaluating nematode resistance of grapevine rootstocks based on Xiphinema index reproduction rates in a fast screening assay. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 160, 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-021-02227-6

Schurig, J., Ipach, U., Helmstätter, B., Kling, L., Hahn, M., Trapp, O. (2021b). Selected genotypes with the genetic background of Vitis aestivalis and Vitis labrusca are resistant to Xiphinema index. Plant Disease, 105(12), 4132–4137. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-20-2716-RE

Singh, S. K., Hodda, M., Ash, G. J. (2013). Plant-parasitic nematodes of potential phytosanitary importance, their main hosts and reported yield losses. EPPO Bulletin, 334–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12050

Singh, S., Singh, B., Singh, A. P. (2015). Nematodes: a threat to sustainability of agriculture. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 29, 215–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.270

Smiley, R. (2005). Plant-parasitic nematodes affecting wheat yield in the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University, extension publication. EM 8887. 4 str.

Smythe, B. A., Holovachov, O., Kocot, M. K. (2019). Improved phylogenomic sampling of freeliving nematodes enhances resolution of higher-level nematode phylogeny. Evolutionary Biology, 19, 121. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-019-1444-x

Sturhan, D. (1985). Studies on distribution and hosts of Bacillus penetrans parasitic in nematodes. Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft Berlin-Dahlem, 226, 75–93.

Širca, S., Urek, G. (2016). Ogorčice in prenosi virusov z ogorčicami. V: Mavrič Pleško, I. (ur.). Prenosi rastlinskih virusov 1. Ljubljana: Kmetijski inštitut Slovenije. 2016, str. 61–75.

Širca, S., Theuerschuh, M. (2020). Virusonosne ogorčice Xiphinema index; Integrirano varstvo rastlin. Dostopno na: https://www.ivr.si/skodljivec/virusonosne-ogorcice-xiphinema-index/ (februar, 2022).

Taylor, C. E., Robertson, W. M. (1970). Sites of virus retention in the alimentary tract of the nematode vectors, Xiphinema diversicaudatum (Micol.) and X. index (Thorne and Allen). Annals of Applied Biology, 66, 375–380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1970.tb04616.x

Taylor, C. E., Brown, D. J. F., Neilson, R., Jones, A. T. (1994). The persistence and spread of Xiphinema diversicaudatum in cultivated and uncultivated biotopes. Annals of Applied Biology, 124, 469–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1994.tb04152.x

Taylor, C. E., Brown, D. J. F. (1997). Nematode vectors of plant viruses. Wallingford, CAB International: 286 str..

Thorne, G. (1935). Notes on free-living and plant parasitic nematodes. II. Higher classification groups of Dorylaimoidea. Proceedings Helminthological Society of Washington, 2, 8–96.

Thomas, P. R. (1981). Migration of Longidorus elongatus, Xiphinema diversicaudatum and Ditylenchus dispaci in soil. Nematologia Mediterranea, 9, 75–81.

Topalović, O., Hussain, M., Heuer, H. (2020). Plants and Associated Soil Microbiota Cooperatively Suppress Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 313. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00313

Tsay, T. T., Wu, S.T., Lin, Y.Y. (2004). Evaluation of Asteraceae plants for control of Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Nematology, 36, 36–41.

Urek, G., Hržič, A. (1998). Ogorčice - nevidni zajedavci rastlin: fitonematologija. Ljubljana, G. Urek (ur.). Ljubljana, samozaložba: 240 str..

Van Ghelder, C., Reid, A., Kenyon, D., Esmenjaud, D. (2015). Development of a real-time PCR method for the detection of the dagger nematodes Xiphinema index, X. diversicaudatum, X. vuittenezi and X. italiae, and for the quantification of X. index numbers. Plant Pathology, 64, 489–500. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12269

Van Zyl, S., Vivier, A. M., Walker, A. M. (2011). Xiphinema index and its Relationship to Grapevines: A review. South African Journal for Enology and Viticulture, 33(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.21548/33-1-1302

Vieira, P., Gleason, C. (2019). Plant-parasitic nematode effectors — insights into their diversity and new tools for their identification. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 50, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2019.02.007

Vilela, V. L. R., Feitosa, T. F., Braga, F. R., de Araújo, J. V., de Oliveira Souto, D. V., da Silva Santos, H. E. (2012). Biological control of goat gastrointestinal helminthiasis by Duddingtonia flagrans in a semi-arid region of the northeastern Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology, 188, 127–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.018

Villate, L., Fievet, V., Hanse, B., Delemarre, F., Plantard, O., Esmenjaud, D. (2008). Spatial distribution of the dagger nematode Xiphinema index and its associated grapevine fanleaf virus in French vineyard. Phytopathology, 98, 942–948. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-98-8-0942

Villate, L., Esmenjaud, D., Helden, M. V., Stoeckel, S., Plantard, O. (2010). Genetic signature of amphimixis allows for the detection and fine scale localization of sexual reproduction events in a mainly parthenogenetic nematode. Molecular Ecology, 19, 856–873. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04511.x

Villate, L., Morin, E., Demangeat, G., Van Helden, M., Esmenjaud, D. (2012). Control of Xiphinema index Populations by Fallow Plants under Greenhouse and Field Conditions. Phytopathology, 102(6), 627–634. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-01-12-0007

Voss, B., Yyss, U. (1990). Variation between strains of the nematophagous endoparasitic fungus Catenaria anguillulae Sorokin 1. Factors affecting parasitism in vitro. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 97(4), 416–430.

Wang, S. H., Gergerich, R. C., Wickizer, S. L., Kim, K. S. (2002). Localization of transmissible and nontransmissible viruses in the vector nematode Xiphinema americanum. Phytopathology, 92, 646–653. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.6.646

Weischer, B. (1975). Ecology of Xiphinema and Longidorus. V: Nematode vectors of plant viruses. Lamberti, F., Taylor, C. E., Seinhorst, J. W. (ur). Springer, Boston, 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0841-6_24

Wernet, V., Fischer, R. (2023). Establishment of Arthrobotrys flagrans as biocontrol agent against the root pathogenic nematode Xiphinema index. Environmental Microbiology, 25(2),283–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.16282

Wick, R. (2012). Nematodes on golf greens. Agriculture and Landscape Program. The Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, University of Massachusetts Amherst. Dostopno na: https://ag.umass.edu/turf/fact-sheets/nematodes-on-golf-greens (December 2022).

Wyss, U. (1997). Root parasitic nematodes: an overview. V: Cellular and molecularaspects of plant-nematode interactions. Grundler, F. M. W., Fenoll, C., Ohl, S. A. (ur). Developments in Plant Pathology, Springer, Dordrecht, 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5596-0_2

Ye, W., Szalanski, A. L., Robbins, R. T. (2004). Phylogenetic relationships and genetic variation in Longidorus and Xiphinema species (Nematoda: Longidoridae) using ITS1 sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Journal of Nematology, 36(1), 9–14.