The effect of nitrogen doses on morpho-physiological traits of safflower at different levels of deficit irrigation

Mohsen Janmohammadi; Mohsen  KHEYRKHAH; Naser Sabahnia

doi:10.14720/aas.2024.120.4.17006

Authors

Mohsen Janmohammadi University of Maragheh, Iran
Mohsen KHEYRKHAH Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, P. O. Box 55181-83111, Iran
Naser Sabahnia Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, P. O. Box 55181-83111, Iran

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2024.120.4.17006

Abstract

This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of irrigation based on potential evapotranspiration (100%, 60%, and 40% PET) and doses of nitrogenous fertilizers (0, 40, and 80 kg ha^-1) on the performance of safflower in Qazvin, Iran. Three fractions of potential evapotranspiration: 100%, 60%, and 40% PET are considered as full irrigation (FI), mild deficit irrigation (MDI) and severe deficit irrigation (SDI), respectively. The mutual effects of nitrogen and deficit irrigation levels were significant on some growth characteristics such as longitudinal growth, number of secondary branches, canopy width, leaf chlorophyll content, number of capitula, and thousand seed weight. Results revealed that the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizers was discernable under FI and MDI conditions, however, under SDI, the application of nitrogen fertilizers did not have any improvement effects on evaluated traits. The highest seed yield was recorded in FI+N₈₀ and the seed yield of MDI+N₈₀ was in the second place with a difference of 80 kg ha^-1. However, the best seed quality in terms of protein percentage was related to plants grown under SDI+N₈₀, which was 43% higher than FI+N₀. The plants grown under FI+N₈₀ and SDI+₈₀ conditions showed the highest seed oil content with 28% and 27.1%, respectively.

References

Abualia, R., Riegler, S., & Benkova, E. (2023). Nitrate, auxin and cytokinin-a trio to tango. Cells, 12(12), 1613. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12121613

American Association of Cereal Chemists. (2003). Approved methods of the AACC (10th ed.). St. Paul, MN: The Association.

Araya, A., Kisekka, I., Gowda, P.H., & Prasad, P.V. (2017). Evaluation of water-limited cropping systems in a semi-arid climate using DSSAT-CSM. Agricultural Systems, 150, 86-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.10.007

Cardoso, A.A., Gori, A., Da-Silva, C.J., & Brunetti, C. (2020). Abscisic acid biosynthesis and signaling in plants: key targets to improve water use efficiency and drought tolerance. Applied Sciences, 18, 6322. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186322

Deepika, D., Sonkar, K., & Singh, A. (2023). Regulation of plants nutrient deficiency responses by phytohormones. Elsevier BV. In: Khan M.I.R., Singh, A., and Poór, P. (Eds), Plant hormones in crop improvement, chapter 7. Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V., pp 129-145. https://doi.org/10:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/1470

Flemmer, A. C., Franchini, M. C., Lindström, L. I. (2015). Description of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) phenological growth stages according to the extended BBCH scale. Annals of Applied Biology, 166(2), 331-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12186

Geerts, S., & Raes, D. (2009). Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas. Agricultural Water Management, 96(9), 1275-1284. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2009.04.00

Govindasamy, P., Muthusamy, S.K., Bagavathiannan, M., Mowrer, J., Jagannadham, P.T.K., Maity, A., Halli, H.M., GK, S., Vadivel, R., TK, D. and Raj, R. (2023). Nitrogen use efficiency-a key to enhance crop productivity under a changing climate. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1121073. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpls.2023.1121073

Hajibarat, Z. and Saidi, A. (2022). Senescence-associated proteins and nitrogen remobilization in grain filling under drought stress condition. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 20(1), 101. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s43141-022-00378-5

He, Z., Hu, Q., Zhang, Y., Cao, H. and Nan, X. (2023). Effects of irrigation and nitrogen management strategies on soil nitrogen and apple yields in loess plateau of China. Agricultural Water Management, 280, 108220. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108220

Hirel, B., Le Gouis, J., Ney, B., & Gallais, A. (2007). The challenge of improving nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants: Towards a more central role for genetic variability and quantitative genetics within integrated approaches. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58, 2369-2387. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm097

Hu, Y., Zeeshan, M., Wang, G., Pan, Y., Liu, Y., & Zhou, X. (2023). Supplementary irrigation and varying nitrogen fertilizer rate mediate grain yield, soil-maize nitrogen accumulation and metabolism. Agricultural Water Management, 276, 108066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.108066

Hussain, M. I., Lyra, D. A., Farooq, M., Nikoloudakis, N., & Khalid, N. (2016). Salt and drought stresses in safflower: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 36, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0344-8

Koutroubas, S. D., Damalas, C. A., & Fotiadis, S. (2021). Safflower assimilate remobilization, yield, and oil content in response to nitrogen availability, sowing time, and genotype. Field Crops Research, 274, 108313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108313

Leus, T.V. (2016). The inheritance of the yellow color in the safflower Carthamus tinctorius L. Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research, 6(1), 34-38. https://doi.org/10.18699/VJ15.006.

Mu, X., & Chen, Y. (2021). The physiological response of photosynthesis to nitrogen deficiency. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 158, 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.019

Pashkovskiy, P.P., Vankova, R., Zlobin, I.E., Dobrev, P., Kartashov, A.V., Ivanova, A.I., Ivanov, V.P., Marchenko, S.I., Nartov, D.I., Ivanov, Y.V., & Kuznetsov, V.V. (2022). Hormonal responses to short-term and long-term water deficit in native Scots pine and Norway spruce trees. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 195, 104789. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2022.104789

Peng, J., Liu, T., Chen, J., Li, Z., Ling, Y., De Wulf, A., & De Maeyer, P. (2023). The conflicts of agricultural water supply and demand under climate change in a typical arid land watershed of Central Asia. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 47, 101384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101384

Sah, R. P., Chakraborty, M., Prasad, K., Pandit, M., Tudu, V. K., Chakravarty, M. K., Narayan, S.C., Rana, M., & Moharana, D. (2020). Impact of water deficit stress in maize: phenology and yield components. Scientific Report, 10, 2944. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59689-7

Sidhu, R.K., Kumar, R., Rana, P.S., & Jat, M.L. (2021). Automation in drip irrigation for enhancing water use efficiency in cereal systems of South Asia: Status and prospects. Advances in Agronomy, 167, 247-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2021.01.002

Singh, S., Angadi, S. V., Grover, K. K., Hilaire, R. S., & Begna, S. (2016). Effect of growth stage based irrigation on soil water extraction and water use efficiency of spring safflower cultivars. Agricultural Water Management, 177, 432-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.08.023

Vermeiren, I., Jobling, G.A. (1980). Localized irrigation: design, installation, operation, evaluation. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy

Wu, X., Shi, J., Zhang, T., Zuo, Q., Wang, L., Xue, X., & Ben-Gal, A. (2022). Crop yield estimation and irrigation scheduling optimization using a root-weighted soil water availability based water production function. Field Crops Research, 284, 108579. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108579

Xing, Y., Jiang, W., He, X., Fiaz, S., Ahmad, S., Lei, X., Wang, W., Wang, Y., & Wang, X. (2019). A review of nitrogen translocation and nitrogen-use efficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(19), 2624-2641. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2019.16562