The use of thermography for monitoring the effects of manual therapy in the form of massage on the surface temperature of certain body regions in horses: a preliminary study

Authors

  • Andrej MERGEDUŠ University of Maribor, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hoče, Slovenia
  • Maja GALUN University of Maribor, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hoče, Slovenia
  • Tadeja KRANER ŠUMENJAK University of Maribor, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hoče, Slovenia
  • Jernej PRIŠENK University of Maribor, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hoče, Slovenia
  • Manja ZUPAN ŠEMROV University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, Domžale, Slovenia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2025.121.2.18698

Keywords:

horses, manual therapy, massage, thermography, surface body temperature

Abstract

The aim of the pilot study was to determine the effect of manual therapy in the form of massage on the surface temperature of the horse's body areas. An experiment was carried out in three days, in which we measured the temperature in six different massaged body areas using the Optris PI 400i thermographic camera. Six warm-blooded horses housed in individual stalls were included. The measurements were taken within the same day in the following time intervals: immediately before the massage (0) and 1, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after the massage. The highest average temperature of all measurements was recorded in the last observed day (31.2 °C) and was statistically significantly different from the two previous days. When analyzing the individual areas of the horse's body, the lowest average temperature (29.2 °C) was recorded in the back (lumbar spine) area and the highest (31.7 °C) in the chest. When analysing the time of measurement, the significantly lowest average temperature was detected before the massage (30.5 °C). Thirty minutes after the massage, the measured temperatures were the highest. The confirmed differences in surface temperature indicate an important physiological response that could help explain reports of therapeutic benefits of massage therapy.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., in Walker, S. (2014). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.5823. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1406.5823

Birt, M. A., Guay, K., Treiber, K., Ramirez, H. R., in Snyder, D. (2015). The Influence of a soft touch therapy flowtrition on heart rate, surface temperature, and behavior in horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 35(8), 636–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2015.06.006

Boulant, J. A. (2000). Role of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus in thermoregulation and fever. Clinical infectious diseases, 31, S157–S161. https://doi.org/10.1086/317521

Cabak, A., Podgórski, J., Rekowski, W., Wysoczański, B., in Dąbrowska-Zimakowska, A. (2013). Application of thermal imaging in the assessment of skin warming after classic massage and rubber cup massage. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Science, 1(1), 55–59.

Čebulj-Kadunc, N., Frangež, R., Žgajnar, J. in Kruljc, P. (2019). Cardiac, respiratory and thermoregulation parameters following graded exercises in Lipizzaner horses. The journal, Veterinarski arhiv, 89, 11–23.

Čebulj-Kadunc, N., Frangež, R., in Kruljc, P. (2020). Infrared thermography in equine practice. Veterinarska stanica, 51(2), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.46419/vs.51.2.1

Čebulj-Kadunc, N., Frangež, R., in Kruljc, P. (2022). Fluctuations of physiological variables during conditioning of Lipizzan fillies before starting under saddle. Animals, 12(7), 836. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12070836

Denoix, J. M. (2021). Physical therapy and massage for the horse: biomechanics-excercise-treatment. London: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429189784

Eddy, A. L., Van Hoogmoed, L. M., in Snyder, J. R. (2001). The role of thermography in the management of equine lameness. The veterinary journal, 162(3), 172–181. https://doi.org/10.1053/tvjl.2001.0618

Fonseca, B. P. A., Alves, A. L. G., Nicoletti, J. L. M., Thomassian, A., Hussni, C. A., in Mikail, S. (2006). Thermography and ultrasonography in back pain diagnosis of equine athletes. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 26(11), 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2006.09.007

Franklin, N. C., Ali, M. M., Robinson, A. T., Norkeviciute, E., in Phillips, S. A. (2014). Massage therapy restores peripheral vascular function after exertion. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 95(6), 1127–1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.02.007

Haussler, K. (2009). Review of manual therapy techniques in equine practice. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 29(9), 849–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2009.10.018

Head, M. J., in Dyson, S. (2001). Taking the temperature of equine thermography. Veterinary Journal, 162, 166–167. https://doi.org/10.1053/tvjl.2001.0639

Herborn, K. A., Graves, J. L., Jerem, P., Evans, N. P., Nager, R., McCafferty, D. J., in McKeegan, D. E. (2015). Skin temperature reveals the intensity of acute stress. Physiology & behavior, 152, 225–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.032

Hinchcliff, K. W., Kaneps, A. J., in Geor, R. J. (Eds.). (2008). Equine exercise physiology: the science of exercise in the athletic horse. Elsevier Health Sciences. Saunders Ltd.

Holey, L. A., Dixon, J., in Selfe, J. (2011). An exploratory thermographic investigation of the effects of connective tissue massage on autonomic function. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics, 34(7), 457–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2011.05.012

Jodkowska, E., Dudek, K., in Przewozny, M. (2011). The maximum temperatures (Tmax) distribution on the body surface of sport horses. Journal of Life Sciences, 5, 291–297.

Jodkowska, E., in Dudek, K. (2000). Studies on symmetry of body surface temperature of race horses. Przegl. Nauk. Lit. Zoot, 50, 307–319.

Kleven, H. K., Brittle, K. M., in Cain, A. (2019). Physical therapy for horses: an illustrated guide to anatomy, biomechanics, message, stretching, and rehabilitation. Columbia, U.S.A.: Trafalgar Square Books.

Kruljc, P. (2023a). Thermographic Examination of the Horse. Acta Veterinaria, 73(3), 289–316. https://doi.org/10.2478/acve-2023-0023

Kruljc, P. (2023b). Thermography as an aid in the performance testing of Lipizzan horses. Proceedings of Socratic Lectures, 8, 39–44. https://doi.org/10.55295/PSL.2023.I6

Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., in Christensen, R. H. (2017). lmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of statistical software, 82, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13

Kuraoka, K., in Nakamura, K. (2011). The use of nasal skin temperature measurements in studying emotion in macaque monkeys. Physiology & behavior, 102(3–4), 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.11.029

Lenth, R., Singmann, H., Love, J., Buerkner, P., in Herve, M. (2018). emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R package. https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.emmeans

McBride, S. D., Hemmings, A., in Robinson, K. (2004). A preliminary study on the effect of massage to reduce stress in the horse. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 24(2), 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2004.01.014

Michelotto, B. L., Rocha, R. M., in Michelotto Jr, P. V. (2016). Thermographic detection of dorsal metacarpal/metatarsal disease in 2-year-old thoroughbred racehorses: a preliminary study. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 44, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2016.04.005

Miyaji, A., Sugimori, K., in Hayashi, N. (2018). Short-and long-term effects of using a facial massage roller on facial skin blood flow and vascular reactivity. Complementary therapies in medicine, 41, 271–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2018.09.009

Moe, R. O., Stubsjøen, S. M., Bohlin, J., Flø, A., in Bakken, M. (2012). Peripheral temperature drop in response to anticipation and consumption of a signaled palatable reward in laying hens (Gallus domesticus). Physiology & behavior, 106(4), 527–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.032

O‘Grady, W. H., Russell, M., Donatelli, R., in Donatelli, G. (2024). The Effectiveness of Manual Therapy: Histological and Physiological Effects. H. Wallmann in R. Donatelli (ur). Foundations of Orthopedic Physical Therapy (str. 339–358). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003524212-16

Papuga, I. (2023). Termovizija kasaških konj po ogrevanju (magistrsko delo). Pridobljeno s: https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?lang=slv&id=143961

Pichová, K., Pavlin, S., Košťál, Ľ., Pintarič, Š., in Šemrov, M. Z. (2023). Thermography as a tool to assess training effects in military working dogs. Journal of Thermal Biology, 112, 103441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103441

Purohit, R. C. (2008). Use of thermography in veterinary medicine. M. H. M. Lee in J. M. Cohen (ur.), Rehabilitation Medicine and Thermography (str. 129–144). Wilsonville, OR: Impress Publications.

Roberto, J. V. B., in De Souza, B. B. (2020). Use of infrared thermography in veterinary medicine and animal production. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 2(3), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.14269/2318-1265/jabb.v2n3p73-84

Roy, R. C., Cockram, M., in Riley, C. B. (2020). Factors affecting the measurement of skin temperature of horses using digital infrared thermography. Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences, 2(8), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.31080/ASVS.2020.02.0085

Salter, M. M., McCall, C. A., Pascoe, D. D., McElhenney, W. H., in Pascoe, C. (2011). Effect of equine sports massage therapy on cutaneous temperature. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 31(5–6), 322–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.158

Scott, M. in Swenson L.A. (2009). Evaluating the benefits of equine massage therapy: a review of the evidence and current practices. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 29(9), 687–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2009.07.017

Sefton, J. M., Yarar, C., Berry, J. W., in Pascoe, D. D. (2010). Therapeutic massage of the neck and shoulders produces changes in peripheral blood flow when assessed with dynamic infrared thermography. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(7), 723–732. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2009.0441

Selfe, J., Whitaker, J., in Hardaker, N. (2008). A narrative literature review identifying the minimum clinically important difference for skin temperature asymmetry at the knee. Thermology international, 18(2), 41–4.

Simon, E. L., Gaughan, E. M., Epp, T., in Spire, M. (2006). Influence of exercise on thermographically dedaned surface temperatures of thoracic and pelvic limbs in horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 229(12), 1940–1944. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.229.12.1940

Song, C., Appleyard, V., Murray, K., Frank, T., Sibbett, W., Cuschieri, A., in Thompson, A. (2007). Thermographic assessment of tumor growth in mouse xenografts. International journal of cancer, 121(5), 1055–1058. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.22808

Soroko, M., Dudek, K., Howell, K., Jodkowska, E., in Henklewski, R. (2014). Thermographic evaluation of racehorse performance. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 34(9), 1076–1083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2014.06.009

Soroko, M., Howell, K., in Dudek, K. (2017). The effect of ambient temperature on infrared thermographic images of joints in the distal forelimbs of healthy racehorses. Journal of thermal biology, 66, 63–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.03.018

Soroko, M., Śpitalniak-Bajerska, K., Zaborski, D., Poźniak, B., Dudek, K., in Janczarek, I. (2019). Exercise-induced changes in skin temperature and blood parameters in horses. Archives Animal Breeding, 62(1), 205–213. https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-62-205-2019

Soroko-Dubrovina, M., in Davies Morel, M. C. G. (2023). Equine thermography in practice. Wallingford: CABI International. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781800622913.0000

Soroko-Dubrovina, M., Śniegucka, K., Dobrowolski, M., in Dudek, K. (2024). Application of thermography in the assessment of physical effort on body surface temperature distribution in racehorses. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.24425/pjvs.2024.149352

Stamberov, P., Stoimenov, A., in Hristov, K. (2023). Comparative measurements of surface body temperature of horses using infrared thermography. Bulgarian Journal of Animal Husbandry/Životnov Dni Nauki, 60(4), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.61308/WNGG8507

Stewart, M., Webster, J. R., Verkerk, G. A., Schaefer, A. L., Colyn, J. J., in Stafford, K. J. (2007). Non-invasive measurement of stress in dairy cows using infrared thermography. Physiology & behavior, 92(3), 520–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.04.034

Turner, T. A. (2001). Diagnostic thermography. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, 17(1), 95–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30077-9

Tunley, B. V., in Henson, F. M. D. (2004). Reliability and repeatability of thermographic examination and the normal thermographic image of the thoracolumbar region in the horse. Equine veterinary journal, 36(4), 306–312. https://doi.org/10.2746/0425164044890652

Travain, T., Colombo, E. S., Grandi, L. C., Heinzl, E., Pelosi, A., Previde, E. P., in Valsecchi, P. (2016). How good is this food? A study on dogs‘ emotional responses to a potentially pleasant event using infrared thermography. Physiology & Behavior, 159, 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.019

Weerapong, P., Hume, P. A., in Kolt, G. S. (2005). The mechanisms of massage and effects on performance, muscle recovery and injury prevention. Sports medicine, 35, 235–256. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535030-00004

Westermann, S., Stanek, C., Schramel, J. P., Ion, A., in Buchner, H. H. F. (2013). The effect of airflow on thermographically determined temperature of the distal forelimb of the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal, 45(5), 637–641. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.12019

Published

11. 07. 2025

Issue

Section

Original Scientific Article

How to Cite

MERGEDUŠ, A., GALUN, M., KRANER ŠUMENJAK, T., PRIŠENK, J., & ZUPAN ŠEMROV, M. (2025). The use of thermography for monitoring the effects of manual therapy in the form of massage on the surface temperature of certain body regions in horses: a preliminary study. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 121(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2025.121.2.18698