Bionomics and control methods of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda [J.E. Smith]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda [J.E. Smith]) is considered one of the most damaging and invasive insect species of modern agriculture. Native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, this pest has rapidly spread since 2016 across Africa, Asia, and more recently, it occurs sporadically in parts of Southern Europe. Due to its high polyphagy, prolific reproductive capacity, and long distance migratory ability, it poses a serious threat to maize, cereals, and other cultivated crops throughout Europe. Larvae cause extensive damage by feeding on leaves, boring into stems, and destroying reproductive plant structures, resulting in significant yield losses. Globally, effective control strategies include mechanical approaches and the use of botanical insecticides, particularly neem-based products, with proven ovicidal and larvicidal effects. Biological control through egg parasitizing wasps such as Trichogramma spp. has shown promissing efficacy, while targeted insecticide applications can reduce pest populations by up to 90%.  In light of climate change and the pest’s potential expansion across Europe, coordinated surveillance, farmer education, and the promotion of sustainable control measures are vital for maintaining food security and agroecosystem stability.