A Phonemic and Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Oral Stops
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4312/ala.4.1.9-28Keywords:
Hindko oral stops, phonemic analysis, acoustic analysis, VOT, closure duration, burstAbstract
Hindko is an Indo-Aryan language that is mainly spoken in Khyber Pukhtoonkhaw province of Pakistan. This work aims to identify the oral stops of Hindko and determine the intrinsic acoustic cues for them. The phonemic analysis is done with the help of minimal pairs and phoneme distribution in contrastive environments which reveals that Hindko has twelve oral stops with three way series. The acoustic analysis of these segments shows that intrinsically voice onset time (VOT), closure duration and burst are reliable and distinguishing cues of stops in Hindko.
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References
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Lisker, L. & Abramson, A. S. (1964). A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: Acoustical measurements. Word, 20, 384-422.
Loothers, M. &Loothers, L. (2010). Pahari and Pothwari: A sociolinguistics survey Islamabad: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Maddieson, I. (1984). Patterns of sounds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Maddieson, I. (1991). Testing the universality of phonological generalization with a phonetically specified segment database: Results and limitations. Phonetica, 48, 193-206.
Maddieson, I. (1997). Phonetic universals. In W. J. Hardcastle, & J. Laver (Eds.) The Handbook of Phonetic Science (pp. 619-639). Oxford: Blackwell.
Peterson, G. E. & Lehiste, I. (1960). Duration of syllable nuclei in English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 3, 693-703.
Pickett, J. M. (1999). The acoustics of speech communication fundamentals, speech perception theory, and technology. Boston: Allan and Bacon.
Stevens, K. N. & Bloomstein, S. E. (1978). Invariants cues for place of articulation in stop consonants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 64, 1358-1368.
Stevens, K. N., Keyser, S. J. & Kawasaki, H. (1986). Toward a phonetic and phonological theory of redundant features. In S, J, Perkell & D. H. Klatt (Eds.), Invariance and Variability in Speech Processes (pp. 426-499). Lawrence Erlbaum: NJ.
Boersma, P. (2012). Praat. Accessed from: http://.fon.hum.uva.nl.praat. (date last viewed 1/6/13).
Cho, T. & Ladefoged, P. (1999). Variations and universals in VOT: Evidence from 18 languages. Journal of Phonetics, 27, 207-229.
Davenport, M., & Hannahs, S. J. (2005). Introducing phonetics & phonology. UK: Hodder Education.
Fischer-Forgensen, E. (1954). Acoustic analysis of stop consonants. Miscellanea Phonetics, 2, 42-59.
Halle, M., Hughes, C. & Radley, J. P. (1957). Acoustic properties of stop consonants. Journal of Acoustical Society of America 29, 107-116.
Hardcastle, W. J. (1973). Some observations on the tense-lax distinction in initial stops in Korean. Journal of Phonetics, 1, 263-271.
Haroon-ur-Rashid & Sohail, A. (2011). A brief introduction of Hindko language. Language in India, 11(11), 471-482.
Hussain, S. (2010). Phonetic correlates of Urdu lexical stress. Islambad: National Urdu Academy.
Keating, P. (1984). Phonetic and phonological representation of stop consonant voicing. Language, 60, 286-319.
Kent, R. D. & Charles, R. (1996). Acoustic analysis of speech. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group.
Kiani, H. Z., Bukhari, N., Ahmed, J. & Hameed, N. (2012). Acoustic analysis of Hindko stops. Kashmir Journal of Language Research, 15 (2), 135-150.
Klatt, D. H. (1975). Voice onset time, friction, and aspiration in word-initial consonants clusters. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 18, 686-706.
Ladefoged, P. (2001). A course in phonetics. USA: Harcourt College Publisher.
Lehiste, I. (1960). Segmental and syllabic quantity in Estonian American studies in Uralic Lingustics, 1. Bloomington: Indiana University.
Lisker, L. & Abramson, A. S. (1964). A cross-language study of voicing in initial stops: Acoustical measurements. Word, 20, 384-422.
Loothers, M. &Loothers, L. (2010). Pahari and Pothwari: A sociolinguistics survey Islamabad: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Maddieson, I. (1984). Patterns of sounds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Maddieson, I. (1991). Testing the universality of phonological generalization with a phonetically specified segment database: Results and limitations. Phonetica, 48, 193-206.
Maddieson, I. (1997). Phonetic universals. In W. J. Hardcastle, & J. Laver (Eds.) The Handbook of Phonetic Science (pp. 619-639). Oxford: Blackwell.
Peterson, G. E. & Lehiste, I. (1960). Duration of syllable nuclei in English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 3, 693-703.
Pickett, J. M. (1999). The acoustics of speech communication fundamentals, speech perception theory, and technology. Boston: Allan and Bacon.
Stevens, K. N. & Bloomstein, S. E. (1978). Invariants cues for place of articulation in stop consonants. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 64, 1358-1368.
Stevens, K. N., Keyser, S. J. & Kawasaki, H. (1986). Toward a phonetic and phonological theory of redundant features. In S, J, Perkell & D. H. Klatt (Eds.), Invariance and Variability in Speech Processes (pp. 426-499). Lawrence Erlbaum: NJ.
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Published
31.12.2014
How to Cite
RASHID, H. U., & AKHTAR, R. N. (2014). A Phonemic and Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Oral Stops. Acta Linguistica Asiatica, 4(1), 9–28. https://doi.org/10.4312/ala.4.1.9-28
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