Preseganje vrzeli pri metodah izboljšanja delovnega spomina
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4312/ars.19.1.67-85Ključne besede:
delovni spomin, psihologija, nevroznanost, izboljšanje delovnega spomina, interdisciplinarnostPovzetek
Delovni spomin igra ključno vlogo pri številnih kognitivnih procesih, kot so učenje, reševanje problemov in odločanje. Ima omejeno kapaciteto, kar postane še posebej opazno pri nevroloških in psihiatričnih motnjah ter s staranjem, zaradi česar so znanstveniki v zadnjih petdesetih letih intenzivno iskali načine za njegovo izboljšanje. S farmakološkimi pristopi so sprva preučevali vpliv specifičnih farmakoloških sredstev na delovni spomin pri živalih, pozneje pa tudi pri ljudeh. Vzporedno s tem so psihologi razvijali vedenjske treninge, katerih učinkovitost se je pokazala zlasti pri osebah s kognitivnimi primanjkljaji. Nevroznanost je z razvojem nevroslikovnih metod omogočila boljše razumevanje možganskih mehanizmov delovnega spomina, kar je vodilo v razvoj neinvazivnih tehnik stimulacije možganov in s tem novih načinov za izboljšanje delovnega spomina. V zadnjem desetletju se v ta namen uporabljajo tudi sodobne tehnologije, kot sta virtualna resničnost in igrificirani kognitivni trening. Doslej razviti pristopi za izboljšanje delovnega spomina so večinoma temeljili na disciplinarno specifičnih okvirih, pri čemer je bilo celostno povezovanje različnih znanstvenih področij razmeroma redko. To kaže na vrzeli pri povezovanju različnih metod ter potrebo po bolj celostnih rešitvah. Namen tega članka je prikazati obstoječe znanstvene in metodološke vrzeli pri pristopih za izboljšanje delovnega spomina z analizo njihovega razvoja skozi čas ter osvetlitvijo potenciala prvoosebnega raziskovanja in interdisciplinarnih pristopov, kot je nevrofeedback. Članek tako prispeva k razumevanju možnosti za oblikovanje bolj celostnih pristopov, ki bi lahko učinkoviteje naslovili raznolike potrebe uporabnikov.
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