The Impact of China’s Biopolitical Approach to COVID-19 on Pets
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4312/as.2023.11.3.93-127Keywords:
COVID-19, China, animal welfare, emergency management, biopowerAbstract
Using the frameworks of biopower and uses and gratification theory, this article examines the treatment of pets in China during the COVID-19 outbreak and the role of social media in fulfilling users’ social needs by facilitating discussions on associated animal welfare issues and mobilizing animal advocates to take action. The analysis focuses on how social media comments on Weibo, the Chinese equivalent of Twitter, have influenced public discourse surrounding the biopolitical governance of animals emphasized by the zero-COVID policy, which has helped maintain a strong sense of national consciousness in post-socialist China. The study centres on an isolated case of the killing of a corgi by a health worker in Shanghai and how it was perceived on social media. The findings suggest that much of the animosity demonstrated on Weibo towards the killing is centred around biopower, or the biopolitical governance of humans and animals that has more broadly prioritized human life over animal welfare in China’s approach to COVID-19. In this way, social media has played a crucial role in mobilizing animal advocates to take a more prominent role in the emergency management of pets. The study concludes that China should consider adopting a standard operating procedure for pet care and rescue that includes pets in its humans-first disaster response and relief measures to develop a better and healthier national consciousness, fulfil the social needs of its citizens who value animal welfare, and strengthen its sense of national consciousness.
Downloads
References
Agamben, Giorgio. 2004. The Open: Man and Animal. Translated by Kevin Attell. California: Stanford University Press.
Altheide, David L. 1996. Qualitative Media Analysis. Qualitative Research Methods Serie, vol. 38. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985536
Arendt, Hannah. 1976. The Origins of Totalitarianism. California: Harcourt Brace & Company.
Baker, Sinead. 2022. “Chinese City Orders All Indoor Pets Belonging to COVID-19 Patients in One Neighbourhood to Be Killed.” Insider, February 05, 2022. https://www.businessinsider.com/china-langfang-district-says-kill-covid-patients-pets-2022-3.
Bloomberg News. 2022. “COVID Zero Defended in China as Shanghai Cases Top 21,000.” Bloomberg, April 08, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-08/china-s-covid-zero-policy-defended-as-shanghai-frustration-grows.
Blumler, Jay G. 1979. “The Role of Theory in Uses and Gratifications Studies.” Communication Research 6: 27‒29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/009365027900600102
Blumler, Jay G., and Elihu Katz. 1974. The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Brackenridge, Sandra, Lisa K. Zottarelli, Erin Rider, and Bev Carlsen-Landy. 2012. “Dimensions of the Human-Animal Bond and Evacuation Decisions among Pet Owners during Hurricane Ike.” Anthrozoös 25 (2): 229‒38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2752/175303712X13316289505503
Bryman, Alan. 2004. Social Research Methods, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cai, Haoxian, and Wei Duan. 2022. “Changing Perceptions and Uses of “Companion Animal” Public and Pseudo-Public Spaces in Cities during COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Beijing.” Land 11: 1475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091475
Cao, Deborah, and Steven White. 2016. Animal Law and Welfare—International Perspectives. New York, London: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26818-7
Carnovale, Francesca, Jin Xiao, David Arney, Kris Descovich, Guo Wenliang, Shi Binlin, and Clive J. C. Phillips. 2021. “Chinese Public Attitudes towards, and Knowledge of, Animal Welfare.” Animals 17;11 (3): 855. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/3/855. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030855
Chadwin, Robin. 2017. “Evacuation of Pets During Disasters: A Public Health Intervention to Increase Resilience.” Journal of Public Health 107: 1413‒17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303877
Chan, Bernice. 2018. “The China Boom in Pet Markets, Dog Breeding and Pet Cremation, and the Restaurants Still Serving Dog Meat (Tasty but Tough).” South China Morning Post, April 30, 2018. https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/2143707/china-boom-pet-markets-dog-breeding-and-pet-cremation-and-restaurants.
Chen, Tong. 2022. “Shanghai Residents and Political Advisors Call for Animal Protection Amid COVID-19 Outbreak.” CGTN, April 15, 2022. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-04-15/Shanghai-residents-call-for-animal-protection-amid-COVID-19-outbreak-19g5B6noO6k/index.html.
Chu, Julie Y. 2014. “When Infrastructures Attack: The Workings of Disrepair in China.” American Ethnologists 41 (2): 351‒67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12080
Cui, Qingming, and Xu Honggang. 2019. “Situating Animal Ethics in Thai Elephant Tourism.” Asia Pacific Viewpoint 60: 267‒79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12221
Data Base of Laws and Regulation. 2007. “Emergency Response Law of the People’s Republic of China” (ERL). Data Base of Laws and Regulation, August 30, 2007. http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/englishnpc/Law/2009-02/20/content_1471589.htm.
Davidson, Helen, and Yu Verna. 2022. “Clashes in Shanghai as Protests Over Zero-COVID Policy Grip China.” The Guardian, November 28, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/28/clashes-in-shanghai-as-protests-over-zero-covid-policy-grip-china.
Day, Ashleigh M. 2017. “Companion Animals and Natural Disasters: A Systematic Review Of Literature.” Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct 24: 81–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.05.015
Dean, Mitchell M. 2009. Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society. London: SAGE Publications.
Derrida, Jacques. 2008. The Animal That Therefore I Am. Edited by Marie-Louis Mallet. Translated by David Wills. New York: Fordham University Press.
DeYoung, Sarah E., and Ashley K. Farmer. 2021. All Creatures Safe and Sound: The Social Landscape of Pets in Disasters. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Diao, Fanchao. 2022. “Quanguo renda daibiao lianming tiyian: jianyi zhiding 全国人大代表联名提议案: 建议制定《伴侣动物保护和管理法》 (Representatives of National People’s Congress Suggested to Make a Law for Pets’ Protection and Regulation).” The Paper, March 11, 2022. https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_17057153.
Ding, Difeng, and Zhang Ruilian. 2022. “China’s COVID-19 Control Strategy and Its Impact on the Pandemic.” Frontiers in Public Health 10: 1‒10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.857003
Ding, Jingxuan, and Guo Ruomei. 2021. “Pusha chongwu gou hefa ma? Ren da daibiao huyu jiang nuedai dongwu naru zhi’an chufa fa 扑杀宠物狗合法吗? 人大代表呼吁将虐待动物纳入治安处罚法 (Is it Legal to Kill Others’ Pet Dogs? Political Advisors Suggest to Include Animal Abuse into Security Administration Punishments Law).” Southern Metropolis Daily, November 17, 2021. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1716678658800770634&wfr=spider&for=pc.
Duo Yin, Quan Gao, Hong Zhu, and Jie Li. 2020. “Public Perception of Urban Companion Animals during the COVID-19 Outbreak in China.” Health and Place 65: 102399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102399
Ebenezer Appiah, Ben Enyetornye, Valentina Ofori, Justice Enyetornye and Richard Kwamena Abbiw. 2022. “Health and Economic Consequences: How COVID-19 Affected Households with Pet and their Pets.” Cogent Social Sciences 8 (1): 1. DOI: 10.1080/23311886.2022.2060542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2060542
Fan, Yiying. 2020. “Shanghai Confronts a Furry Pest Problem: Millions of Stray Cats.” Sixth Tone, September 4, 2020. https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1006148.
Feng, Jiayun. 2018. “Hangzhou is Now Hell for Dogs.” Supchina, November 16, 2018. https://supchina.com/2018/11/16/hangzhou-is-now-hell-for-dogs/. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12968/cypn.2018.11.16
Foucault, Michel. 2003. “Society Must Be Defended”: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-1976. Translated by David Macey. New York: Picador.
———. 2007. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977-1978. Translated by Graham Burchell. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Glassey, Steve. 2018. “Did Harvey Learn from Katrina? Initial Observations of the Response to Pets during Hurricane Harvey.” Animals 8 (4): 47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8040047
Guan, Sim. 2022. “Legal Advice on Pet Protection if Owner is Infected with COVID.” Nongfu yu lvshi (The Farmer and the Lawyer), April 08, 2022. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/q5_WvoqN9dWiBA_IqeRYHA.
Hamer, Lars J. 2022. “Shanghai Residents on a Mission to Save Vulnerable Pets.” That’s, April 08, 2022. https://www.thatsmags.com/shanghai/post/34288/shanghai-residents-go-all-out-to-save-vulnerable-pets.
Hassell, James M., Michael Begon, Melissa J. Ward, and Eric M. Fèvre. 2017. “Urbanization and Disease Emergence: Dynamics at the Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface.” Trends Ecol. Evol. 32 (1): 55–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.09.012
He, Laura. 2022. “Lockdowns in Shanghai and other Chinese Cities Pose a Growing Threat to the Economy.” CNN, April 08, 2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/08/business/china-shanghai-covid-lockdown-economic-impact-intl-hnk/index.html.
He, Qi. 2022. “Community Rallies Round to Look After Stray Cats in Shanghai.” China Daily, March 22, 2022. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202203/22/WS6239356da310fd2b29e52766.html.
Ho, Sally. 2020. “Pets are Being Killed in China Due to Coronavirus Misinformation.” Green Queen, February 25, 2020. https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/pets-are-being-killed-in-china-due-to-coronavirus-misinformation/.
Hsu, Meng-Hsiang, Shih-Wei Tien, Hsien-Cheng Lin, and Chun-Ming Chang. 2015. “Understanding the Roles of Cultural Differences and Socio-Economic Status in Social Media Continuance Intention.” Information Technology and People 28 (1): 224‒41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-01-2014-0007
Hu, Xiangnan, Naim Kapucu, Shi Jia, and Zhu Zhengwei. 2021. “Disaster Policy and Emergency Management Reforms in China: From Wenchuan Earthquake to Jiuzhaigou Earthquake.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Management 52: 1‒9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101964
Hubert, Rocío B., Elsa Estevez, Ana Maguitman, and Tomasz Janowski. 2020. “Analyzing and Visualizing Government-Citizen Interactions on Twitter to Support Public Policy-making.” Digital Government: Research and Practice 1 (2): 1‒20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3360001
Kapucu, Naim. 2012. “Disaster and Emergency Management Systems in Urban Areas.” Cities 29: S41–S49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2011.11.009
Katz, Elihu. 1959. “Mass Communications Research and the Study of Popular Culture: An Editorial Note on a Possible Future for This Journal.” Studies in Public Communication 2: 2‒3.
Katz, Elihu, Jay G. Blumler, and Michael Gurevitch. 1974. “Utilization of Mass Communication by the Individual.” In The Uses of Mass Communication: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research, edited by Jay G. Blumler, and Elihu Katz, 19‒32, 3rd ed. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Kaye, Barbara K. 2010. “Going to the Blogs: Toward the Development of a Uses and Gratifications Measurement Scale for Blogs.” Atlantic Journal of Communication 18 (4): 194‒210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2010.505904
Krause, Amanda E., Adrian C. North, and Brody Heritage. 2014. “The Uses and Gratifications of Using Facebook Music Listening Applications.” Computers in Human Behavior 39: 71–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.001
Lai, Lin Thomala. 2022. “Number of Monthly Active Users of Weibo Corporation from 1st Quarter of 2018 to 1st Quarter of 2022.” Statista, June 22, 2022. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1058070/china-sina-weibo-dau/.
Landsverk, Gabby. 2021. “A Buddhist Monk has Rescued 8,000 Stray Dogs from the Streets of Shanghai.” Insider, June 26, 2021. https://www.insider.com/buddhist-monk-rescues-thousands-of-stray-dogs-in-china-2021-6.
Lee, Chei Sian, and Long Ma. 2012. “News Sharing in Social Media: The Effect of Gratifications and Prior Experience.” Computers in Human Behavior 28 (2): 331‒39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.002
Li, Ziheng. 2019. “‘Adoption Instead of Buying’ Campaign Held in Qingdao for Stray Animals.” XinhuaNet, March 10, 2019. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-03/10/c_137883945_2.htm.
Lin, A. Carolyn. 1999. “Uses and Gratifications.” In Clarifying Communication Theories: A Hands-On Approach, edited by Gerald Stone, Michael Singletary, and Virginia P. Richmond, 199‒208. Iowa: Iowa State University Press.
Lippit, Akira Mizuta. 2008. Electric Animal: Toward a Rhetoric of Wildlife. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Liu, Weiyan. 2015. “A Historical Overview of Uses and Gratifications Theory.” Cross-Cultural Communication 11 (9): 71‒78.
Lockett, Jon. 2020. “Coronavirus—Cats and Dogs ‘Thrown from Tower Blocks’ in China after Fake News Rumours Animals are Causing Spread.” The Sun, January 31, 2020. https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/10863349/coronavirus-cats-and-dogs-thrown-to-death/.
Lu, Di. 2021. “History of Epidemics in China.” Asian Medicine 16 (1): 137‒52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341487
Manganello, Jennifer, and Nancy Blake. 2010. “A Study of Quantitative Content Analysis of Health Messages in US Media from 1985 to 2005.” Health Communication 25 (5): 387‒96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2010.483333
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC. 2022. “Dynamic Zero-COVID: A MUST Approach for China.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC, July 15, 2022. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/202207/t20220715_10722096.html.
Morris, Chris. 2022. “China City Reconsiders Plan to Kill All House Pets of COVID Patients.” Fortune, March 31, 2022. https://fortune.com/2022/03/31/china-city-kill-house-pets-covid-patients/.
NetEase News. 2022. “Shanghai yi kejiquan yin zhuren yangxing bei tuo lubian chuli 上海一柯基犬因主人阳性被拖路边处理 (A Corgi Dog in Shanghai Was Dragged to the Roadside Due to Its Owner’s Positive [COVID-19] test).” Weibo, April 6, 2022. https://weibo.com/1974808274/Lnf47lxtI.
Parry, Nicola M. A. 2020. “COVID-19 and Pets: When Pandemic Meets Panic.” Forensic Science International Reports 2: 1‒4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100090
Pkulaw.com. 2021. “Animal Epidemic Prevention Law of the People’s Republic of China (2021 Revision).” https://www.pkulaw.com/en_law/acc2b25986934930bdfb.html?keyword=animal.
———. n.d.a “Laws of the People’s Republic of China: Animal Epidemic Prevention Law of the People’s Republic of China.” Pkulaw, n.d.a. https://www.pkulaw.com/en_history/compare/Comparison_Version-3923.html.
———. n.d.b. “Law of the People’s Republic of China on Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (2004 Revision) (2004-2013 Annotated Version).” Pkulaw.com, n.d.b. https://www.pkulaw.com/en_history/compare/Annotation_Version-141.html.
Platto, Sara, Agathe Serres, Simona R. C. Normando, Yanqing Wang, and Dennis C. Turner. 2022. “Attachment and Perceived Stress among Pet Owners before and during the Lockdown in China.” People and Animals: The International Journal of Research and Practice 5 (1): 1‒28.
Quan-Haase, Anabel, and Alyson L. Young. 2010. “Uses and Gratifications of Social Media: A Comparison of Facebook and Instant Messaging.” Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society 30 (5): 350–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467610380009
Ramzy, Austin. 2021. “A Video of Decontamination Workers Clubbing a Pet Corgi Stirs Anger in China.” The New York Times, November 16, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/16/world/asia/covid-corgi-clubbing.html.
Regan, Tom. 2004. The Case for Animal Rights. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Rogaski, Ruth. 2002. “Nature, Annihilation, and Modernity: China’s Korean War Germ-Warfare Experience Reconsidered.” The Journal of Asian Studies 61 (2): 381–415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2700295
———. 2004. Hygienic Modernity: Meanings of Health and Disease in Treaty-Port China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Shenzhen Daily. 2022. “Quarantine Hotel Agrees to Take Care of Cats for Patient.” Shenzhen Daily, March 7, 2022. http://www.sz.gov.cn/en_szgov/news/infocus/virus/news/content/post_9604633.html.
Sima, Yangzi, and Siobhan O’Sullivan. 2016. “Chinese Animal Protection Laws and the Globalisation of Welfare Norms.” International Journal of Law in Context 12 (1): 1‒23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744552315000348
Srinivasan, Krithika. 2013. “The Biopolitics of Animal Being and Welfare: Dog Control and Care in the UK and India.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 38 (1): 106-119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2012.00501.x
Vint, Sherryl. 2010. “Animal Studies in the Era of Biopower.” Science Fiction Studies 37 (3): 444‒55.
Wall, Melissa. 2019. “Citizen Journalism: A Retrospective on What We Know, an Agenda for What We Don’t.” Digital Journalism 3 (6): 797‒813. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.1002513
Watts, Jonathan. 2006. “Chinese County Culls 50,000 Dogs in Crackdown on Rabies.” The Guardian, August 6, 2006. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/02/china.jonathanwatts.
White, Marilyn Domas, and Emily E. Marsh. 2006. “Content Analysis: A Flexible Methodology.” Library Trends 55 (1): 22‒45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2006.0053
Whyke, Thomas William, and Joaquin López-Múgica. 2020. “Content and Discourse Analysis of Cruelty towards Stray Dogs as Presented in Chinese Social Media.” Society & Animals 1(aop): 1‒20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-BJA10015
World Dog Alliance. 2021. “Animal Legislation: China’s Amended Animal Epidemic Prevention Law Comes into Effect.” Cision, May 28, 2021. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/animal-legislation-chinas-amended-animal-epidemic-prevention-law-comes-into-effect-301301820.html.
Xi’an Putong. 2022. “A Record of the Current Situation of Pets in Xi’an during the Epidemic Period: Pets Are Not Sick, but People’s Hearts Are Sick.” Xi’an Putong, February 05, 2022. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1657608354910136721&wfr=spider&for=pc.
XinhuaNet. 2018. “China Focus: Chinese City Opens Stray Dog Adoption Service.” XinhuaNet, January 30, 2018. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/30/c_136936535.htm.
———. 2021. “Dogs Must Be Leashed Outdoors in China from May 1.” XinhuaNet, May 1, 2021. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-05/01/c_139919150.htm.
———. 2022. “Stray ‘Puppy’ Adopted Turns Out to Be Raccoon Dog.” XinhuaNet, June 22, 2022. https://english.news.cn/20220622/4c92b60b8f2847eda5b4775160797685/c.html.
Xuan, Kejing. 2022. “Shanghai yi xiaoqu kejiquan beidasi zhuren: women meiyou bu yao baochulai shi rang juwei zhaogu de 上海一小区柯基犬被打死 主人: 我们没有不要 抱出来是让居委照顾的 (A Corgi Was Beaten to Death in Shanghai: The Owners Intended to Ask the Community Committee to Take Care of the Dog and Did Not Abandon It).” Knews, April 07, 2022. https://ishare.ifeng.com/c/s/8F14dZA70kz.
Yan, Alice. 2020. “Chinese Community Offers US$28 Reward for Killing ‘Stray’ Dogs.” South China Morning Post, March 15, 2020. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3075271/chinese-community-offers-us28-reward-killing-stray-dogs.
———. 2022a. “China: Call to Protect Pets from Slaughter During Coronavirus Lockdowns after String of Horrific Incidents Saw Cats and Dogs Killed.” South China Morning Post, March 12, 2022. https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/social-welfare/article/3170165/china-call-protect-pets-slaughter-during.
———. 2022b. “Shanghai Coronavirus Lockdown: Corgi Beaten to Death by Pandemic Worker in Latest Pet Killing to Anger China.” South China Morning Post, April 08, 2022. https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/trending-china/article/3173467/shanghai-coronavirus-lockdown-corgi-beaten-death.
Yeung, Jessie. 2022. “A COVID Worker Beat a Bog to Death in Shanghai after Its Owner Tested Positive.” CNN, April 08, 2022. https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/08/china/shanghai-corgi-death-china-covid-intl-hnk/index.html.
Yuan, Shawn. 2022. “Zero COVID in China: What Next?” The Lancet, May 14, 2022. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)00873-X/fulltext.
Zhang, Xiaodong. 2019. “Veterinary Infectious Diseases Control in China.” The Lancet. Infectious diseases 19 (4): 354‒56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30117-3
Zheng, Heran, and Shixiong Cao. 2015. “Threats to China’s Biodiversity by Contradictions Policy.” Ambio 44 (1): 23‒33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0526-7
Zhu, Huanhuan, Qian Wang, Tiantian Zhang, Xin Liu, Ruiming Dai, Ping Wu, Ge Bai, Ying Wang, Ping Zhou, and Li Luo. 2021. “Initial Public-Health Emergency Response to SARS and COVID-19 Pandemics in Mainland China: A Retrospective Comparative Study.” Risk Manag Healthc Policy 7 (14): 4199‒4209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S324431
Zhu, Xiao. 2021. “Pandemic Workers Kill Pet Dog in China, Sparking Online Outrage and Calls For Animal Protection Laws.” ABC News Australia, November 19, 2021. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-19/pandemic-workers-kill-pet-dog-in-china/100629140.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Thomas William WHYKE, Joaquin Lopez MUGICA, Sadia JAMIL, Aiqing WANG
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.