Imperialna nostalgija na Japonskem: politična instrumentalizacija šintoističnega svetišča Yasukuni
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4312/as.2015.3.1.241-262Keywords:
Yasukuni, instrumentalisation, Empire of Japan, collective memory, nostalgia, JapanAbstract
The Yasukuni Shrine is among highly controversial issues when it comes to Japan’s foreign relations with its neighbouring countries, particularly China and South Korea. Recently, it has drawn considerable public attention worldwide, owing to regular visits by former Japanese Prime Minister Koizumi Jun’ichirō while he was still in office. However, his practice of paying respect to the soldiers who died for the “Japanese cause” was met with stiff opposition from a wide spectrum of individuals in Japan, not to mention Chinese and South Korean political leaders. In my view the glorification of chosen victims of the great Empire of Japan, practised mostly by the conservative part of Japanese political elites, needs to be set in a broader context of imperialist nostalgia, the wave of which has been coming over Japan since the turn of the 21st century.
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References
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Oguma, Eiji. 2002. A Genealogy of ‘Japanese’ Self-images. Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press.
Okuyama, Michiaki. 2009. “The Yasukuni Shrine Problem in the East Asian Context: Religion and Politics in Modern Japan.ˮ Politikologija religije 3 (2): 235–51.
Podoler, Guy. 2009. “Introduction.ˮ V War and Militarism in Modern Japan: Issues of History and Identity, uredil by Guy Podoler, 1–8. Folkestone: Global Oriental.
Pyle, Kenneth B. 2007. Japan Rising: The Resurgence of Japanese Power and Purpose. New York: PublicAffairs.
Reischauer, Edwin O., and Marius B. Jansen. (1977) 2005. The Japanese Today: Change and Continuity. Clarendon: Tuttle Publishing.
Rosaldo, Renato. 1989. “Imperialist Nostalgia.ˮ Representations 26: 107–22.
Ryu, Yongwook. 2007. “The Yasukuni Controversy: Divergent Perspectives from the Japanese Political Elite.ˮ Asian Survey 47 (5): 705–26.
Sedmak, Matej. 2013. “Yasukunijski konflikt v okviru japonske zgodovine in zunanje politike.ˮ Neobjavljena disertacija. Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani.
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Soh, Sarah C. 2008. The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Statement by Prime Minister Abe: Pledge for Everlasting Peace. 20013. Dostop 20. april, 2014. http://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/statement/201312/1202986_7801.html.
Takahashi, Tetsuya. 2006. “The National Politics of the Yasukuni Shrine.ˮ V Nationalisms in Japan, uredil Naoko Shimazu, 155–80. London: Routledge.
Tamamoto, Masaru. 2001. “The Land without Patriots: The Yasukuni Controversy and Japanese Nationalism.ˮ World Policy Journal 18 (3): 33–40.
Tanaka, Nobumasa. 2004. “The Dead must no be Abused: Yasukuni Shrine, the Prime Minister and the Constitution.ˮ Dostop 14. april, 2014. http://japanfocus.org/-Nobumasa-Tanaka/1873.
T
sujita, Mariko. 2009. “A Fragile Balance between ‘Normalization’ and the Revival of Nationalistic Sentiments.ˮ V War and Militarism in Modern Japan: Issues of History and Identity, uredil Guy Podoler, 187–98. Folkestone: Global Oriental.
Wallerstein, Immanuel. (2004) 2006. Uvod v analizo svetovnih-sistemov. Ljubljana: Založba/*cf.
Yamamuro, Shinʼichi. 2000. “The Evolving Meiji State: Its Dual Character as a Nation-State and Colonial Empire.ˮ V Japanese Civilization in the Modern World: XVI – Nation-State and Empire, uredili Tadao Umesao, Takashi Fujitani in Eisei Kurimoto, 9–24. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.
Yomiuri shimbun. 2005. “Yasukuni: Behind the Torii: From Government-Run Shrine for War Heroes to Bone of Contention.” Dostop 18. marec 18, 2012. http://www.japanfocus.org/-Yomiuri-Shimbun/1967/article.html.
Asahi shimbun. 2012. “Japan Opposition Leader’s War Shrine Visit Bound to Anger China, Korea.” Dostop 15. april, 2014. http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/politics/ AJ201210170097.
–––. 2014. “Abe Praised Class-A War Criminals for Being ‘Foundation’ of Japan’s Prosperity.” Dostop 4. junij, 2015. http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/politics/ AJ201408270054.
Baskar, Bojan. 2009. “‘The Most Beautiful Part of Italy’: Memories of Fascist Empire-building in the Adriatic.ˮ V Mediterranean Frontiers: Borders, Conflict and Memory in a Transnational World, uredila Dimitar Bechev in Kalypso Nicolaidis, 109–27. London in New York: Tauris Academic Studies.
Befu, Harumi. 2001. Hegemony of Homogeneity: An Anthropological Analysis of Nihonjinron. Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press.
Breen, John. (2004) 2007. “The Dead and the Living in the Land of Peace: A Sociology of the Yasukuni Shrine.ˮ V Modern Japanese Culture and Society (Volume IV), uredila Dolores P. Martinez, 48–66. London: Routledge.
Connerton, Paul. (1989) 2004. Kako se društva sjećaju. Zagreb: Izdanja Antibarbarus.
Cwiertka, Katarzyna J. 2006. Modern Japanese Cuisine: Food, Power and National Identity. London: Reaktion Books.
Eskildsen, Robert. 2002. “Of Civilization and Savages: The Mimetic Imperialism of Japan’s 1874 Expedition to Taiwan.ˮ American Historical Review 107(2): 388–418.
Ghosh, Palash. 2005. “Japan’s Far-Right: Nostalgia for Imperial Past, or Dire Threat to Future.” Dostop 17. junij, 2015. http://www.ibtimes.com/japans-far-right-nostalgia-imperial-past-or-dire-threat-future-1562371.
Gluck, Carol. 1993. “The Past in the Present.ˮ V Postwar Japan as History, uredil Andrew Gordon, 64–95. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Goto-Jones, Christopher. 2008. “The Way of Revering the Emperor: Imperial Philosophy and Bushidō in Modern Japan.ˮ V The Emperors of Modern Japan, uredil Ben-Ami Shillony, 23–52. Leiden in Boston: Brill.
——. 2009. Modern Japan: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Grmadnik, Jerneja, in Klara Škrinjar. 2015. “Tiho, a udarno je val neofašizma oplazil Gorico.” Dostop 19. junij, 2015. http://www.delo.si/svet/sosescina/v-zivo-fasisti-z-varnostniki-marsirajo-po-mestu.html.
Halbwachs, Maurice. (1968) 2001. Kolektivni spomin. Ljubljana: Studia humanitatis.
Inoguchi, Takashi. 2009. “Globalisation and Cultural Nationalism.ˮ V The Cambridge Companion to Modern Japanese Culture, uredil Yoshio Sugimoto, 336–51. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kajimoto, Tetsushi. 2005. “Nakasone Hits Koizumi Populism, Yasukuni Visits.” Dostop 18. april, 2014. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2005/11/23/news/nakasone-hits-koizumi-populism-yasukuni-visits/#.VX_XR0YTVFn.
Kal, Hong. 2007. “The Aesthetic Construction of Ethnic Nationalism: War Memorial Museums in Korea and Japan.ˮ V Rethinking Historical Injustice and Reconciliation in Northeast Asia: The Korean Experience, uredili Gi-Wook Shin, Soon-Won Park in Daqing Yang, 133–53. London: Routledge.
Kingston, Jeff. 2011. Contemporary Japan: History, Politics, and Social Change since the 1980s. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Kramberger, Taja, in Drago B. Rotar. 2010. Misliti družbo, ki (se) sama ne misli. Ljubljana: Sophia.
Lipušček, Uroš. 2015. “Dolga senca druge svetovne vojne v Aziji.” Objektiv 9. maj. Dostop 28. maj, 2015. https://www.dnevnik.si/1042712556/svet/dolga-senca-druge-svetovne-vojne-v-aziji.
Ma, Sheng-Mei. 2009. “Three Views of the Rising Sun, Obliquely: Keiji Nakazawa’s A-Bomb, Osamu Tezuka’s Adolf, and Yoshinori Kobayashi’s Apologia.ˮ Mechademia 4: 183–96.
Mazower, Mark. 2008. Hitler’s Empire. How the Nazis Ruled Europe. New York: Penguin Press.
McNeill, David. 2008. “Magnificent Obsession: Japan’s Bone Man and the World War II Dead in the Pacific.ˮ Accessed May 30, 2015. http://www.japanfocus.org/-David-McNeill/2821/article.html.
McVeigh, Brian J. 2004. Nationalisms of Japan: Managing and Mystifying Identity. Lanham (Md.) in Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.
Mie, Ayako. 2013. “Xenophobia Finds Fertile Soil in Web Anonymity.” Dostop 20. april, 2014. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/01/08/news/xenophobia-finds-fertile-soil-in-web-anonymity/#.VYAZ8EYTVFm.
Milčinski, Maja. 1999. “Kami in šintoistična kozmogonija.ˮ Studia mythologica Slavica 2: 299–304.
Mutō, Ichiyō. 2005. “Revise the Peace Constitution, Restore Glory to Empire.ˮ Dostop 22. julij, 2014. http://www.europesolidaire.org/spip.php?page=article_impr&id_article =1850.
Nagata, Kazuaki. 2009. “Koizumi, Abe Make Yasukuni Visit.” Dostop 4. april, 2014. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/08/16/national/koizumi-abe-make-yasukuni-visit/#.VX_UckYTVFm.
Nakano, Kōichi. 2014. “The Legacy of Historical Revisionism.ˮ Dostop 31. maj, 2015. http://www.theasanforum.org/the-legacy-of-historical-revisionism/.
Noiriel, Gérard. (2004) 2008. “Zgodovina, memorija, državljanski angažma.ˮ Monitor ZSA 10 (1–2): 373–77.
Oguma, Eiji. 2002. A Genealogy of ‘Japanese’ Self-images. Melbourne: Trans Pacific Press.
Okuyama, Michiaki. 2009. “The Yasukuni Shrine Problem in the East Asian Context: Religion and Politics in Modern Japan.ˮ Politikologija religije 3 (2): 235–51.
Podoler, Guy. 2009. “Introduction.ˮ V War and Militarism in Modern Japan: Issues of History and Identity, uredil by Guy Podoler, 1–8. Folkestone: Global Oriental.
Pyle, Kenneth B. 2007. Japan Rising: The Resurgence of Japanese Power and Purpose. New York: PublicAffairs.
Reischauer, Edwin O., and Marius B. Jansen. (1977) 2005. The Japanese Today: Change and Continuity. Clarendon: Tuttle Publishing.
Rosaldo, Renato. 1989. “Imperialist Nostalgia.ˮ Representations 26: 107–22.
Ryu, Yongwook. 2007. “The Yasukuni Controversy: Divergent Perspectives from the Japanese Political Elite.ˮ Asian Survey 47 (5): 705–26.
Sedmak, Matej. 2013. “Yasukunijski konflikt v okviru japonske zgodovine in zunanje politike.ˮ Neobjavljena disertacija. Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani.
Seraphim, Franziska. (2006) 2008. War Memory and Social Politics in Japan, 1945–2005. Cambridge (Mass.) in London: Harvard University Press.
Soh, Sarah C. 2008. The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Statement by Prime Minister Abe: Pledge for Everlasting Peace. 20013. Dostop 20. april, 2014. http://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/statement/201312/1202986_7801.html.
Takahashi, Tetsuya. 2006. “The National Politics of the Yasukuni Shrine.ˮ V Nationalisms in Japan, uredil Naoko Shimazu, 155–80. London: Routledge.
Tamamoto, Masaru. 2001. “The Land without Patriots: The Yasukuni Controversy and Japanese Nationalism.ˮ World Policy Journal 18 (3): 33–40.
Tanaka, Nobumasa. 2004. “The Dead must no be Abused: Yasukuni Shrine, the Prime Minister and the Constitution.ˮ Dostop 14. april, 2014. http://japanfocus.org/-Nobumasa-Tanaka/1873.
T
sujita, Mariko. 2009. “A Fragile Balance between ‘Normalization’ and the Revival of Nationalistic Sentiments.ˮ V War and Militarism in Modern Japan: Issues of History and Identity, uredil Guy Podoler, 187–98. Folkestone: Global Oriental.
Wallerstein, Immanuel. (2004) 2006. Uvod v analizo svetovnih-sistemov. Ljubljana: Založba/*cf.
Yamamuro, Shinʼichi. 2000. “The Evolving Meiji State: Its Dual Character as a Nation-State and Colonial Empire.ˮ V Japanese Civilization in the Modern World: XVI – Nation-State and Empire, uredili Tadao Umesao, Takashi Fujitani in Eisei Kurimoto, 9–24. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.
Yomiuri shimbun. 2005. “Yasukuni: Behind the Torii: From Government-Run Shrine for War Heroes to Bone of Contention.” Dostop 18. marec 18, 2012. http://www.japanfocus.org/-Yomiuri-Shimbun/1967/article.html.
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Published
24. 07. 2015
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Section
ASIAN STUDIES IN SLOVENIA
How to Cite
SENICA, Klemen. 2015. “Imperialna Nostalgija Na Japonskem: Politična Instrumentalizacija šintoističnega svetišča Yasukuni”. Asian Studies 3 (1): 241-62. https://doi.org/10.4312/as.2015.3.1.241-262.
