Translation of Culture-Specific Items in Self-Help Literature : A Study on Domestication and Foreignization Strategies

%e last two decades have witnessed a boom in self-help materials in both global and local markets. %is self-help trend, growing rapidly in our modern day, should be an area of interest for Translation Studies as an increasing number of self-help materials have been translated particularly from English every year. Self-help books involve a great deal of references to the material and social culture of the original country. One of the key issues in the translation of self-help books is the choice between foreignizing and domesticating these culture-speci$c items. %is paper aims to discuss the procedures used for the translation of culture-speci$c items with regard to the particular function that these books assume in the target society. %e analysis on the example of Outliers, a self-help book of sorts written by Malcolm Gladwell, has shown that the translator mostly adopted foreignizing strategies in translating the text into Turkish. %e study also discusses whether these foreignizing strategies contribute to the ful$llment of target-text function, which is to provide quick-$x remedies to people struggling with modern-day challenges and demands.

Translation of Culture-Specific Items in Self-Help Literature: A Study on Domestication and Foreignization Strategies

Preliminary Considerations
e number of self-help materials has been increasing dramatically in both global and local markets.Although thousands of self-help materials mainly from the United States enter into many national markets through translation every year, translation of self-help literature remains an unexplored area in Translation Studies. is study focuses on the translation into Turkish of a single bestselling self-help book with speci c emphasis on the transfer of culture-speci c items.By their very nature, self-help books are culturally loaded texts, and involve a great deal of references to material, social and even religious culture.One of the key issues in the translation of self-help books is the choice between foreignizing and domesticating the culture-speci c items.
e aim of this study is to discuss the procedures used for the translation of culture-speci c items with regard to the particular function that these books assume in the target society.
A descriptive study based on the comparative analysis of source and target texts from a speci c perspective allows us to identify translational behaviors and to study any matches and mismatches between theory and practice, as explained below by Lambert and van Gorp.Lambert and van Gorp's paper On Describing Translations was originally written twenty-ve years ago.In that paper, the authors criticize the bare comparison of the source and target texts without consideration of other factors, particularly the target system.Yet they argue that comparison is still a part of translation studies, which we believe is a valid argument after a quarter century.
[…] the di erent translation strategies evident in the text itself provide the most explicit information about the relations between the source and target systems, and about the translator's position in and between them.Furthermore, the translated text is an obvious document for the study of con icts and parallels between translational theory and practice.e comparison of T1 and T2 is therefore a relevant part of translation studies -as long as it does not obscure the wider perspective.(Lambert and Van Gorp 2006, 42) e research on the development of self-help movement in the United States reports a history of over two centuries, dating back to the Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin published in 1790 (Toor 2011).However, in Turkey, the self-help movement started only in the second half of the 20 th century.Nüvit Osmay, reputed to be the rst self-help professional and the pioneer of the self-help movement in Turkey, took courses from Dale Carnegie (the famous American writer and developer of self-help courses, 1888-1955) in the early 1950s and brought this trend into the Turkish culture.Özdemir (2010, 68) notes that the interest in self-help literature started in the 1990s, and ourished after the national economic crisis in 2001 in Turkey.
e main theme of self-help books is almost always the pursuit of happiness and/or success, and they cover a wide range of topics from test anxiety to memory improvement, from healthy life to family relationships.As de ned by Bergsma (2008, 343), all books that serve the aim of "coping with one's personal or emotional problems without professional help" are self-help books.Self-help literature is worth studying because both for its cultural and socio-economic importance (Mur E ng 2009, 126).e size of the national and international self-help market is reported to be growing at the global and local scale.Although there is not any market research concerning the share of self-help books, "spiritual" books, it is assumed, make for half of the publishing sector of Turkey, which is 500 million Turkish liras (approximately US $295 million) in total (Özkartal 2007).Other data is from the US market, according to which self-help constitutes an industry of $8 billion in a year (Salerno, 2006).e translation of self-help literature is worth studying because translations hold a considerable share in this large self-help market.Another study on which I am working now shows that 452 self-help books were published in Turkey from January to December 2011, including reprints of older publications.Of these 452 books, 354 (78.3%) were published for the rst time in 2011, and the remaining are reprints.e more relevant data is that 200 (44.25%) of the books are translations from English (193), German (4) and French (3).
It is interesting that the books mostly emerging in the American society and re ecting the American way of life and problem solutions are translated into many other languages, and become bestsellers both in the original and target culture.For example, Stephen Covey's e 7 Habits of Highly E ective People (1989) sold more than 15 million copies worldwide and was translated into thirty-two languages;2 John Gray's blockbuster Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus (1992) sold over 50 million copies worldwide and was translated into 42 languages.3ese high sales gures in the international market assign a speci c position to the translation of self-help literature from the perspective of not only the publishing sector but also Translation Studies.

Culture-Specific Items in Translation
As already mentioned, by their nature, self-help books abound with references to the culture in which they emerge, mainly the United States.In her book titled Self-Help Books: Why Americans Keep Reading em, Dolby (2005) discusses the importance of self-help books in the American community and also the re ections of the American culture and worldview in self-help books: "[…] they are surely popular expressive productions, and as such they both convey and incorporate elements of an American worldview" (2).Americans produce thousands of self-help books each year, and distribute most of these to international markets through translation together with the elements of the American worldview.How are these elements de ned from the perspective of Translation Studies?Terestyényi (2011) draws attention to the fact that the concepts or realia and culture-bound or culture-speci c expressions are used interchangeably to refer to both the objects and the "words that signify concepts that are related to a speci c culture" (13).Below are two de nitions of culture-speci c items.In the rst de nition, (Aixelá 1996, 61-5) sees these items as translation problems due to their nonexistence or di erent status in the target culture: ose textually actualized items whose function and connotations in a source text involve a translation problem in their transference to a target text, whenever this problem is a product of the nonexistence of the referred item or of its di erent intertextual status in the cultural system of the readers of the target text.(58) González Davies and Scott-Tennent (2005) provide a more speci c de nition of cultural references: Any kind of expression (textual, verbal, non-verbal or audiovisual) denoting any material, ecological, social, religious, linguistic or emotional manifestation that can be attributed to a particular community (geographic, socio-economic, professional, linguistic, religious, bilingual, etc.) and would be admitted as a trait of that community by those who consider themselves to be members of it.Such an expression may, on occasions, create a comprehension or a translation problem.(166) e common point in both de nitions is that culture-speci c items may constitute translation problems.A translator is required to adopt certain translation strategies to solve these problems.
ere have been various studies that attempt to de ne these strategies (see for example Newmark 1988;Hervey, Higgins and Haywood 1995;Vinay and Darbelnet 1995;Molina and Hurtado Albir 2002).For the purpose of this study, we refer to Aixelá's (1996) elaborate list of translation procedures for the "manipulation" of culture-speci c items in translation.
e translation procedures in his list fall under the tendency to either conserve or substitute culture-speci c items in translation, which corresponds to the dichotomy of source-versus target-text orientation, or domestication versus foreignization in Translation Studies.

Conservation procedures
Substitution procedures repetition (keeping the original reference to the extent possible) synonymy (not using the culture-speci c item and substituting it with "a parallel reference" in the target text) orthographic adaptation (in the form of transcription or transliteration) limited universalization (using "another reference, also belonging to the source language culture but closer to their readers") linguistic (non-cultural) translation (choosing "a denotatively very close reference to the original") absolute universalization (eliminating the "foreign connotations" and replacing them with "a neutral reference") extratextual gloss (using footnote, endnote, glossary, commentary/translation in brackets, in italics, etc. to o er some extra explanation about a culture-speci c item) naturalization (adaptation) intratextual gloss (providing gloss within the text in order not to distract the readers' attention) deletion (omitting the culture-speci c item in the target text for various reasons) autonomous creation (adding "some nonexistent cultural reference in the source text") Table 1.Procedures Used for the Translation of Culture-Specific Items (Aixelá 1996, 61-65) 3. Translation of Culture-Specific Items in a Self-Help Book, Outliers

Target Readers and Skopos of the Translation
Prior to making a comparative analysis of source and target texts, we need to identify target readers and skopos of translations into Turkish.e target audience of self-help books is usually the general public, seeking quick-x solutions to their daily problems, concerns or tensions, and seeking a guide to keep up with increasing demands of modern life.To reach everyone who needs ready-made solutions, according to Mur E ng ( 2009), the self-help genre usually has the following style of writing: From the very beginnings of the genre, and even more toward the second half of the twentieth century, self-help writers appear to take on the role of the psychologist, priest or counsellor.Although privileged in knowledge and wisdom, the authors often express themselves adopting a friendly, easy-to understand and 'reachable' tone as if one was talking to a friend who lets you in on a secret.Story writing was the method most self-help authors used, and still use, to communicate their messages best to a wide, mostly undereducated public.In fact, the style of teaching through stories is one of the characteristics of most self-help literature books throughout time.(133, emphasis added) is explanation provides us clues also about the skopos of the translation of self-help books.e target audience expects easily understandable and easily applicable solutions from the author.To our knowledge, in the Turkish context, there is no study or survey regarding the target readers of self-help literature.Yet for target readers from either uneducated or well-educated public, the purpose of self-help literature is not to present academic or specialized knowledge in a speci c eld, or provide deeper insight into life problems or leave a literary taste in readers' minds.ey serve the function of a sort of guide that o ers e ortless solutions that does not entail further research and thinking.us, this requires a " uent translation"4 frequently puri ed of foreign and hence incomprehensible items that interrupt the understanding of readers.

About Outliers: The Story of Success
e book that is analyzed here with regard to the translation of culture-speci c items is Outliers: e Story of Success by Malcolm Gladwell, published in 2008.Malcolm Gladwell is a writer and journalist, who was born in England, grew up in Canada and now lives in the US.He does not have formal education in psychology or psychiatry, which is not an uncommon case in self-help literature.He has other bestselling self-help books such as e Tipping Point: How Little ings Can Make a Big Di erence, Blink: e Power of inking Without inking and What the Dog Saw.Outliers was translated into Turkish in 2009 by Aytül Özer and published by MediaCat Publishing, and has had 10 reprints since then.e Turkish publisher MediaCat is a publishing house that is particularly specialized in marketing communications and that has published over 200 books so far. 5utliers is divided into two parts as Opportunity and Legacy, each subdivided into chapters.e book has an introduction as a distinct part and an epilogue as one of the chapters in Part II, both telling stories.What distinguishes Outliers from other self-help books is that it does not promise achievement through solely individual e orts, but attempts to provide understanding about the concept of success, incorporating social, environmental, cultural or familial factors through true stories.Although Outliers is not one of the thousands of self-help books that provide three, thirty, or three hundred ways to achieve a goal, it is still a typical self-help book communicating messages on success with the use of storytelling technique, i.e. life stories of prominent gures mostly from the US and attention-grabbing events.

Translation of the Title
e title is of particular importance in self-help books as they are generally formulated conspicuously to capture the attention of readers at rst sight with humorous, interrogative or didactic expressions.In the case of Outliers, the front covers of English and Turkish versions of the book appear as follows: is corresponds to the repetition procedure in Aixelá's list.e Turkish explanation of "outliers" is additionally provided in parentheses, which translates into English as "those who are out of the line".Finally, the subtitle " e Story of Success" is translated in question form, literally meaning "Why do Some People Become More Successful?" e conservation of the title in its original form is not a very common procedure in translations into Turkish; however, it has been a recent proclivity in the translation of titles of self-help books to combine the original one with a Turkish title.For instance, Rhonda Byrne's e Secret and e Power appeared in Turkish and all other languages with their original titles and front covers combined with the target-language equivalent of the original title.Following the same tendency, the Turkish translation of Outliers presents the original title together with the Turkish translation (or explanation) of the original.A more recent book by the same author is also published with the English title and its Turkish translation: What the Dog Saw (Köpeğin Gördüğü).
is tendency to preserve the original title nds explanation in the polysystem theory.A history of the self-help literature in Turkey shows that translated self-help literature occupies a central position not in the publishing polysystem but in the self-help publishing system of Turkey.In Even-Zohar's (1990) words, Since translational activity participates, when it assumes a central position, in the process of creating new, primary models, the translator's main concern here is not just to look for ready-made models in his home repertoire into which the source texts would be transferable.Instead, he is prepared in such cases to violate the home conventions.(50) In the example of title translation, we can see that the translation breaks the conventions in the target culture.e translation of Rhonda Byrne's e Secret probably introduced this new rule into the target system, which is followed by other translations as well.In the case of e Secret or e Power, it is probably not the translator's decision but an agreement with the original publisher to preserve the title in translated versions of the books in that all language versions of these books have the same title and front cover.Time will tell whether this new convention is accepted or rejected by target audiences.

Translation of Culture-Specific Items
Jull Costa (2007, 118) claims that cultural, historical and geographical references are easier to translate compared to linguistic and cultural concepts that may not have an equivalent in the target language because they do not require interpretation.However, as she also notes, it is important how much and how to explain these references in consideration of the target reader and skopos of the text.e book we chose for this study provides a great many of historical, geographical and cultural references that are probably familiar to many American readers, but not to Turkish readers.Lots of proper names (e.g.speci c districts, universities or companies), personal names or historical events are probably familiar to an American reader, but have little or no bearing for the target audience.e next part of the study provides examples of cultural references in Outliers and attempts to explain how they were translated into Turkish.ST -e distinctive buildings that still stand on the lower half of Broadway in Manhattan -from the big ten-and fteen-story industrial warehouses in the twenty blocks6 below Times Square to the cast-iron lofts of SoHo and Tribeca -… (167) TT -Times Meydanı'nın 20 blok altındaki 10, 15 katlı endüstriyel depolardan SoHo ve Tribeca'nın demir döküm çatı katlarına, Manhattan'da Broadway'in alt kesiminde hala varlığını koruyan dikkat çekici binaların hemen hepsi… (109) BT -the same TS -repetition, linguistic translation e above examples from the book are two of many locational (or geographical) references in the book.Although they may not have a descriptive sense even in the source language, they must have references in the minds of source readers.As argued by Nord (2003), "[i]n the real world, proper names may be non-descriptive, but they are obviously not non-informative" (183) if the reader is familiar with the given culture.Readers familiar with the source culture would have an idea about Manhattan or Elridge Street as well as many other locational references in the books such as SoHo, Tribeca, Times Square or Broadway, and what sort of people live in these places or what sort of shops there are in these areas.However, if the referents of these names are completely unfamiliar to the reader, they are not expected to have connotations in the minds of target readers.e place names are apparently preserved (repeated) or descriptors accompanying them, e.g.street and square, are translated into Turkish.

Translation of personal names and locational references
Similarly, the following names are cited in the text as gures of success; however, we are not sure whether these names, except for Steve Jobs, create an image of success in the minds of Turkish readers: Paul Allen, Steve Ballmer, Steve Jobs, Eric Schmidt or Bill Joy (73-6).e translator clearly has no other choice than to repeat the above-mentioned proper or place names.e basic problem with such proper names is not directly related with translation processes, but with preliminary norms in translation including translation policies that govern text selection processes.ere is a need for studies or reader surveys in order rst to identify the expectations of target readers from these texts more clearly and then to nd out whether the translated texts (texts chosen and translation strategies employed) ful ll these expectations in the target culture.e translation of this historical reference provides an example of linguistic translation combined with an intratextual gloss.e translator adds the "era" to show that the Depression is a temporal concept, and glosses the concept as the "Great Depression" as it is referred to in the Turkish culture.

TS -linguistic translation
In this example, the translator does a word-for-word translation of the concept "Civil War", and intentionally or unintentionally does not use the expression "İç Savaş" (literally the Internal War), which is the equivalent of civil war in the Turkish language.
Example 5: ST -One summer the family lived on an Indian reservation in a tepee, subsisting on government-surplus peanut butter and cornmeal.For a time, they lived in Virginia City, Nevada." ere was only one law o cer in town, and when the Hell's Angels came to town, he would crouch down in the back of his o ce," Mark Langan remembers.( 104) TT -Bir yaz aile Kızılderililere ayrılan arazilerden birinde bir Kızılderili çadırında yaşadı, devletin verdiği stok fazlası fıstık ezmesi ve mısırla karnını doyurdu.Bir süre Nevada'da Virginia City'de yaşadılar."Kasabada sadece tek bir hukuk görevlisi vardı ve Cehennem Melekleri kasabaya geldiğinde o da o sinin arka tarafında yere çömelip saklanırdı" diye aktarıyor anımsadıklarını Mark Langan.(71-2) BT -One summer the family lived on one of the lands reserved to the Indians in an Indian tent subsisting on government-surplus peanut butter and corn.For a time, they lived in Virginia City in Nevada." ere was only one law o cer in town, and when the Hell's Angels came to the town, he would crouch down in the back of his o ce." TS -intratextual gloss, linguistic translation In this segment from the text, "Indian reservation", a politically loaded term from the American system, is explained inside the text (intratextual gloss).In the same sentence, the term "tepee" is explained with an intratextual gloss as the Indian tent."Hell's Angels", a motorcycle gang that emerged during the World War II, is linguistically translated into Turkish without any further explanation, probably with no bearing for the target reader.

Translation of references from social and daily life
Example 6: ST -Armed with a large grant from the Commonwealth Foundation, he put together a team of eldworkers ... (83) TT -Commonwealth Foundation adlı vakıftan aldığı büyük miktarda bağışla, bir saha çalışanları ekibi kurarak… (56) BT -With a large grant he received from a foundation called the Commonwealth Foundation, he put together a team of eldworkers … TS -repetition, limited intratextual gloss e Commonwealth Foundation, a research and educational institute, is also repeated in the target text without any change and is followed by the limited intratextual gloss that it is a foundation.
Example 7: ST -e television show I vs. I00 is one of many that sprang up in the wake of the phenomenal success of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire.(77) TT -I vs. I00, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire'in* gösterdiği olağanüstü başarının ardından ortaya çıkan birçok televizyon programından biri.(53) * Ç.N.Türkiye'de Kim Beş Yüz Milyon İster?olarak uyarlanmıştır.BT -I vs. I00 is one of many television programs that sprang up in the wake of the phenomenal success of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire.* Translator's Note: It was adapted in Turkey as Who Wants Five Hundred Millions.TS -repetition, extratextual gloss (footnote), deletion In this excerpt, the TV shows I vs. I00 and Who Wants to be a Millionaire are kept in their original form. is is the only part in the translated book where the translator adds a footnote.Who Wants to be a Millionaire was adapted into Turkish.Rather than using the Turkish name of the TV show, the translator keeps the American name in the text and adds a footnote to mention the Turkish name.However, the Turkish adaptation was rst named as Who Wants Five Hundred Billions, and now the current name is Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, after removing six zeros from the Turkish currency.In the footnote, the translator provides incorrect information.
Example 8: ST -You need to be at least six foot or six one to play at that level, and, all things being equal, it's probably better to be six two than six one, and better to be six three than six two.(90) TT -O düzeyde basketbol oynamak için boyunuzun en az 1,83 ya da 1,86 olması gerekiyor ve eşit koşullarda 1,89'luk bir boy 1,86'lık bir boydan ya da 1,92'lik bir boy 1,89'luk bir boydan daha iyi olsa gerek.(61) BT -To play basketball at that level, you should be at least 1,83 or 1,86, and under equal circumstances, it must be better to have a height of 1,89 rather than 1,86, and to have a height of 1,92 rather than 1,86.TS -naturalization (adaptation) is is one of the few examples where the translator used adaptation.In this excerpt, the height of basketball players given in foot is converted into cm, i.e. the metric system used in Turkey.Translation and conversion are used together.

Translation of references from educational system
Example 9: ST -When it came time to apply to college, Joy got a perfect score on the math portion of the Scholastic Aptitude Test.(47) TT -Üniversiteye başvurma zamanı geldiğinde, Joy, Scholastic Aptitude Test adlı yetenek testinin matematik bölümünden mükemmel bir puan aldı.( 36) BT -When it came time to apply to college, Joy got a perfect score on the math portion of the aptitude test called the Scholastic Aptitude Test … TS -repetition, intratextual gloss (limited) e Scholastic Aptitude Test, a standardized test designed to measure certain skills of students, is required for college admission in the American education system.In this example, this cultural term is repeated (in other words, conserved) in the target text.e limited intratextual gloss within the text solely explains that the SAT is an aptitude test.
Example 10: ST -He got a perfect score on his SAT, even though he fell asleep at one point during the test.( 80) TT -Sınavın bir yerinde uyuyakalmasına karşın SAT testinden mükemmel bir puan aldı.( 55) BT -Even though he fell asleep at one point during the test, he got a perfect score on his SAT test.

TS -repetition, intratextual gloss
In another example, the author uses the abbreviation for the Scholastic Aptitude Test.e procedure preferred by the translator is almost the same, i.e. repetition followed by limited information.e limited information only elucidates that the SAT is a test.

TS -naturalization
Another example from school life is concerning the use of "college".Whereas college refers to a higher education institution in the United States, the Turkish transcription "kolej" is used for some speci c secondary schools, e.g. a police college or a private college. is constitutes another example of adaptation strategy used in translation.
Example 12: ST -To get a sense of how absurd the selection process at elite Ivy League schools has become, consider the following statistics.(94) TT -ABD'nin (binalarının sarmaşık kaplı olması nedeniyle Ivy League denilen) sekiz saygın geleneksel üniversitesinde (Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth College, Harvard, Princeton, Pennsylvania ve Yale) öğrenci seçme sürecinin ne kadar absürd hale geldiği konusunda kir sahibi olmak için aşağıdaki istatistikleri göz önüne alın.(64) BT -To get a sense of how absurd the student selection process at eight elite traditional universities of America (Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth College, Harvard, Princeton, Pennsylvania and Yale) (known as Ivy League because their walls are covered with ivies), consider the following statistics.TS -repetition, extratextual gloss, intratextual gloss In the above example, even the length of source and target texts provides clues about the translation.e translator employs three di erent conservation procedures, 1) keeping the Ivy League (repetition), 2) providing intratextual gloss, saying that these are eight old universities of the US, and also 3) giving extratextual gloss in parentheses, explaining why they are called the Ivy League and providing the names of the universities.Although Aixelá de nes all these procedures as conservation, these comprehensive extratextual and intratextual glosses are added to eliminate the alienation posed by the term Ivy League in the source text.

Conclusion
Self-help books, mostly involving stories from real life, may involve as many cultural references as in literary works.However, the target readers of self-help literature and their expectations are probably di erent from those of literature as self-help books serve a completely di erent function.In literary translation, if the skopos does not something else, there is tendency to use source-text oriented techniques in translation in order to assure the representation of a source culture in the target culture, as defended by Venuti (1995).However, with regard to self-help books, the skopos and target audience require easily understandable contexts that do not force the reader to carry out further research.e readers of these books and their translations usually seek ready-made and quick-x solutions to their problems probably in the midst of their hectic life.ey are not supposed to have time to check any source-culture reference in the target text, or do not prefer these books in order to enhance their intellectual or cultural knowledge.at is why, before the analysis, we assumed that the translator may have opted for domesticating or substitutive procedures for the translation of cultural references, to the extent possible to provide readers with a more uent reading.Our expectation was that the translator used more universalization, more naturalization, and even more deletion, in Aixelá's terms.Nevertheless, above examples show that the translator usually preferred conservation procedures.We can see the frequent use of linguistic translation and intratextual and extratextual glosses.e translator used substitution procedures only in compulsory situations when the translation would be totally incomprehensible (see the "feet" example above) or confusing (see the "college" example) for the target reader.Before the analysis of culture-speci c items, the title translation, i.e. the conservation of the original title in translation, has already shown that the translator was inclined to adopt foreignizing strategies in the translation process.e foreignizing procedures in translation probably interrupt a uent reading of the target text and prevent the text from ful lling its function of o ering quick and easy solutions to readers.
Translation research on works on the periphery of the polysystem (e.g.self-help literature, travel writing, chick lit) is important for the publishing sector as most of these works enter the Turkish culture from foreign cultures and inspire the production of local works in the same genre.Further, particularly the translations hold a considerable share in the market.ese products sell very well and reach a great numbers of readers in the target culture.Translation-oriented research on these works may contribute to the improvement of the quality in the translation and original production of similar works, and encourage translators to gain deeper insight into their translation decisions.Furthermore, studies or surveys with readers may provide data for preliminary decisions with regard to the selection of texts to be translated (i.e.translation policies) and for the initial decision on whether to adopt source culture and target culture norms.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Front covers of the original book and the Turkish translation e main title is conserved without translation in the Turkish version of the book.iscorresponds to the repetition procedure in Aixelá's list.e Turkish explanation of "outliers" is additionally provided in parentheses, which translates into English as "those who are out of the line".Finally, the subtitle " e Story of Success" is translated in question form, literally meaning "Why do Some People Become More Successful?" e conservation of the title in its original form is not a very common procedure in translations into Turkish; however, it has been a recent proclivity in the translation of titles of self-help books to combine the original one with a Turkish title.For instance, Rhonda Byrne's e Secret and e Power appeared in Turkish and all other languages with their original titles and front covers combined with the target-language equivalent of the original title.Following the same tendency, the Turkish translation of Outliers presents the original title together with the Turkish translation (or explanation) of the original.A more recent book by the same author is also published with the English title and its Turkish translation: What the Dog Saw (Köpeğin Gördüğü).