Athletes health in international sport federations main documents participating at 2021 Olympic Games in Tokyo

Ivan Čuk; Ales Filipcic

doi:10.52165/kinsi.29.1.30-48

Authors

Ivan Čuk Faculty of sport, University of Ljubljana
Ales Filipcic University of Ljubljana, Faculty of sport

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.29.1.30-48

Keywords:

doping, acute, chronic, injuries, technical rules

Abstract

The International Olympic Committee sets the direction for the development of sport, and international sports federations are responsible for incorporating that direction into their rules to maintain their presence at the Olympics. At the 2021 Tokyo Olympic Games, 33 international sports federations represented with their sports. We have analyzed the statutes of 33 international sports federations based on the keywords "health", "medicine", "doping" and "injuries". Doping is mentioned in all major documents, health is omitted by 30% of federations, medicine is not mentioned by 21% of federations, and only eight international sports federations mention injuries, representing 24% of federations. From the data on doping and injuries in sports, we can conclude that doping is a minor problem compared to injuries. The main reason for acute and chronic injuries could be related to the technical rules for practicing the sport, not to the constitution. If the number of injuries is to be reduced, the technical rules should be changed first, as the injury statistics per sport show.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

BWF Constitution Of The Badminton World Federation, (2020).

Bahr, R., Clarsen, B., Derman, W., Dvorak, J., Emery, C. A., Finch, C. F., Hägglund, M., Junge, A., Kemp, S., Khan, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Meeuwisse, W., Mountjoy, M., & Orchard, J. W. (2020). International Olympic Committee consensus statement : methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020 ( including STROBE Extension for Sport Injury and Illness Surveillance ( STROBE- SIIS )). Brit J Sport Med, 54, 372–389. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101969

Barrios, C., Bernardo, N. D., Vera, P., Laíz, C., & Hadala, M. (2014). Changes in sports injuries incidence over time in world-class road cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(6), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1389983

Bobian, M. R., Hanba, C. J., Svider, P. F., Hojjat, H., Folbe, A. J., Eloy, J. A., & Shkoukani, M. A. (2016). Soccer-Related Facial Trauma: A Nationwide Perspective. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology, 125(12), 992–996. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003489416668195

Boden, B. P., & Jarvis, C. G. (2009). Spinal Injuries in Sports. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 20(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2008.10.014

Campbell, R. A., Bradshaw, E. J., Ball, N., Hunter, A., & Spratford, W. (2019). 37th International Society of Biomechanics in Sport Conference, July 21-25, 2019. In S. Breen, M. Walsh, & M. Stutz (Eds.), Do gymnasts experience symmetrical limb loading when performing foundation gymnastics skills? (Issue 2013, pp. 157–160). Miami University, Oxford, OH USA. https://commons.nmu.edu/isbs/vol37/iss1/37

WBSC World Baseball Softball Confederation Statutes, (2017).

Čuk, I. (2016). Do Code of Points in men artistic gymnastics and women artistic gymnastics favor asymmetric elements? Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte, 30(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-55092016000100009

Dorminy, M., Hoogeveen, A., Tierney, R. T., Higgins, M., McDevitt, J. K., & Kretzschmar, J. (2015). Effect of soccer heading ball speed on S100B, sideline concussion assessments and head impact kinematics. Brain Injury, 29(10), 1158–1164. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2015.1035324

Engebretsen, L., Soligard, T., Steffen, K., Alonso, J. M., Aubry, M., Budgett, R., Dvorak, J., Jegathesan, M., Meeuwisse, W. H., Mountjoy, M., Palmer-Green, D., Vanhegan, I., & Renström, P. A. (2013). Sports injuries and illnesses during the London Summer Olympic Games 2012. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(7), 407–414. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092380

ICF International Canoe Federation Statutes, (2019).

FIH International Hockey Federation Statutes, (2018).

IHF International Handball Federation Statutes, (2019).

FIBA Fédération Internationale de Basketball General Statutes, 65 (2019). http://www.fiba.basketball/documents/fiba-general-statutes.pdf

FIG Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique Statutes, 2 October 1 (2009).

FINA Federation Internationale De Natation Constitution, 1 (2021).

WA World Archery Constitution and Procedures, 1 (2021).

FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association. (2019). Fédération Internationale de Football Association Statutes. June.

FIVB Fédération Internationale de Volleyball Constitution, 22 (2021).

Holland, P., Torrance, E., & Funk, L. (2018). Shoulder injuries in Canoeing and Kayaking. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 28(6), 524–529. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000472

Hutchinson, M. R., Laprade, R. F., Burnett Ii, Q. M., Moss, R., & Terpstra, J. (1995). Injury surveillance at the USTA Boys’ Tennis Championships: a 6-yr study. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 27(6), 240.

IWF Internationa Weightlifting Federation Constitution & by-laws, 1 (2017).

IAAF International Association of Athletics Federations, 1 (2019). http://www.iaaf.org/home

AIBA International Boxing Association Statutes, (2018).

IFSC International Federation of Sport Climbing Statues, 1 (2019).

FIE International Fencing Federation Statutes, 1 (2020).

IGF International Golf Federation Consititution, 8160 (2016).

IJF International Judo Federation Statutes, (2019).

FISA International Rowing Federation Rule Book, 1 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1145/2658779.2658796

ASSF International Shooting Sport Federation Constitution, 1 (2019).

ISA Constitution of the International Surfing Association, 1 (2008). http://www.isasurf.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/ISA-CONSTITUTION-1012082.pdf

ITTF The International Table Tennis Federation Handbook, 1 (2019).

ITF The Constitution of International Tennis Federation Limited, Pub. L. No. Version effective 27.9.2019, 126 (2019). https://www.itftennis.com/media/2431/the-constitution-of-the-itf-english-2019-effective-27-september-2019.pdf

UIPM International Union of Modern Pentathlon Statutes, 1 (2015).

FEI Fédération Equestre Internationale Statutes, (2019).

IOC Medical commission. (2010). Epidemiology of injury in Olimpic sports (D. j. Caine, P. A. Harmer, & M. A. Schiff (eds.); First edit). Wiley-Blackwell.

Kruse, D., & Lemmen, B. (2009). Spine injuries in the sport of gymnastics. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 8(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181967ca6

Soligard, T., Steffen, K., Palmer, D., Alonso, J. M., Bahr, R., Lopes, A. D., Dvorak, J., Grant, M. E., Meeuwisse, W., Mountjoy, M., Pena Costa, L. O., Salmina, N., Budgett, R., & Engebretsen, L. (2017). Sports injury and illness incidence in the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Summer Games: A prospective study of 11274 athletes from 207 countries. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(17), 1265–1271. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097956

Spinks, A. B., Macpherson, A. K., Bain, C., & McClure, R. J. (2006). Injury risk from popular childhood physical activities: Results from an Australian primary school cohort. Injury Prevention, 12(6), 390–394. https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2006.011502

Trinidad, A., González-Garcia, H., & López-Valenciano, A. (2020). An Updated Review of the Epidemiology of Swimming Injuries. In PM and R. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12503

UCI Union Cycliste Internationale Constitution, (2019).

Who, C. O. F. (2006). Constitution of the World Health Organization 1. October, January 1984, 1–18.

Wintermantel, J., Wachsmuth, N., & Schmidt, W. (2016). Doping cases among elite athletes from 2000 to 2013. Deutsche Zeitschrift Fur Sportmedizin, 67(11), 263–268. https://doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2016.258

WKF World Karate Federation Statutes, 1 (2018). https://www.wkf.net/pdf/rules/wkfcompetitionrules2018_esp-pdf-es-928.pdf

WR World Rugby Handbook, 529 (2015).

WS World Sailing Constitution, 1 (2019). https://doi.org/.1037//0033-2909.I26.1.78

WS World Skate Statutes, 1 (2019).

WT World Taekwondo Federation Statutes, 1 (2017).

WT World Triathlon Constitution, 1 (2020). https://www.issf-sports.org/getfile.aspx?mod=docf&pane=1&inst=452&file=ISSF Constitution ENGLISH.pdf

UWW United World Wrestling Constitution, 1 (1395).