Effects of applying wax on the colour, glossiness, and whiteness index values of American Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) wood

Ümit Ayata; Osman Çamlibel

doi:10.26614/les-wood.2024.v73n01a07

Authors

Ümit Ayata
Osman Çamlibel

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26614/les-wood.2024.v73n01a07

Keywords:

American black cherry = Prunus serotina, wood, surface treatment, wax, colour, glossiness, whiteness index

Abstract

In this study, the effects of applying wax on the colour, glossiness, and whiteness index (WI*) values of American black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) wood were investigated. Wax was applied to wooden material surfaces using a brush in one, two, and three layers. Tests were then conducted on surfaces with and without wax. The results were statistically significant according to the multivariate variance analysis. It was determined that the application of wax led to a decrease in L*, h^o, and WI* values on the wooden material surfaces (parallel and perpendicular to the fibres), while the a*, b*, and C* parameters increased. In measurements parallel and perpendicular to the fibres, increases were observed in gloss values for two- and three-layer wax applications at 60° and 85°. The ∆L* values were negative when wax was applied in one, two, and three layers, whereas the ∆a*, ∆b*, and ∆C* values were positive. The ∆E* values were determined as 8.41 for one layer of wax, 11.29 for two layers, and 11.59 for three layers. Given the similarity between the ∆E* values of two and three layers of wax, it can be inferred that a third layer may not be necessary.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Akçay, Ç. (2020). Determination of decay, larvae resistance, water uptake, color, and hardness properties of wood impregnated with honeybee wax. BioResources, 15(4), 8339-8354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.8339-8354

ASTM D 2244-3, (2007). Standard practice for calculation or color tolerances and color, differences from instrumentally measured color coordinates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM E313-15e1, (2015). Standard practice for calculating yellowness and whiteness indices from instrumentally measured color coordinates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

Çamlıbel, O., & Ayata, Ü. (2024a). Effects of modified beeswaxes on selected surface characteristics of Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica) wood. In: Latin America 8th International Conference on Scientific Researches, May 1-5, 2024, Havana, 748-755.

Çamlıbel, O., & Ayata, Ü. (2024b). Evaluating the effects of selected surface characteristics on ebony Afrika (Diospyros crassiflora Hiern.) wood with different wax applications. In: Latin America 8th International Conference on Scientific Researches, May 1-5, 2024, Havana, 730-737.

Çamlıbel, O., & Ayata, Ü. (2024c). Effects of different coating numbers on selected surface properties in wax coatings applied to lemon (Citrus limon (L.) burm.) surfaces. In: EU 5th International Conference on Health, Engineering and Applied Sciences, June 13-16, 2024, Roma.

DIN 5033, (1979). Deutsche Normen, Farbmessung. Normenausschuß Farbe (FNF) im DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung eV, Beuth, Berlin März.

Eijsackers, H., & Oldenkamp, L. (1976). Amerikaanse vogelkers; aanvaarding of beperking. Landbouwkundig Tijdschrift, 88, 366-374.

Evans, P., Chowdhury, M. J., Mathews, B., Schmalzl, K., Ayer, S., Kiguchi, M., & Kataoka, Y. (2005). Weathering and surface protection of wood. In: Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials, 277-297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-081551500-5.50016-1

Forbes, D. (1973). Problems and techniques associated with natural and controlled pollination of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). In: Proceedings, Twentieth Northeastern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. p. 47-51. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby, PA.

Godefroid, S., Phartyal, S. S., Weyembergh, G., & Koedam, N. (2005). Ecological factors controlling the abundance of non-native invasive black cherry (Prunus serotina) in deciduous forest understory in Belgium. Forest Ecology and Management, 210(1-3), 91-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.024

Grisez, T. J. (1974). Prunus L. Cherry, peach, and plum. In: Seeds of woody plants in the United States. p. 658-673. C. S. Schopmeyer, tech. coord. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 450. Washington, DC.

Horsley, S. B. (1981). Glucose-1-benzoate and prunasin from Prunus serotina. Phytochemistry, 20, 1127-1128.

Hough, A. F. (1965). Black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). In: Silvics of forest trees of the United States. p. 539-545. H. A. Fowells, camp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 271. Washington, DC.

Illmann, G., Schmidt, H., Brotz, W., Michalczyk, G., Payer, W., Dietsche, W., Hohner, G., & Wildgruber, J. (1983). Wachse. Ullmanns Enzyklopädie der technischen Chemie. Chemie. Wachse bis Zündhölzer, 24.

ISO 2813, (1994). Paints and varnishes - determination of specular gloss of non-metallic paint films at 20 degrees, 60 degrees and 85 degrees, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.

Kaplan, Ş., Çamlıbel, O., Bilginer, E. H., & Ayata, Ü. (2024). A study on wax application on ebony Macassar (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) wood. Journal of Green Technology and Environment, 2(1). in press.

Kingsbury, J. M. (1964). Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 626 p.

Kitzmiller, J. H. (1968). Geographic variation in seed and seedling characteristics of black cherry (Doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University).

Lange, D. R. (1999). Fundamentals of Colourimetry - Application Report No. 10e. DR Lange: New York, NY, USA.

Liu, X., Timar, M. C., Varodi, A. M., Nedelcu, R., & Torcătoru, M. J. (2022). Colour and surface chemistry changes of wood surfaces coated with two types of waxes after seven years exposure to natural light in indoor conditions. Coatings, 12(11), 1689. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111689

Marquis, D. A. (1975). Seed germination and storage under northern hardwood forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 5, 478-484.

Niu, K., & Song, K. (2021). Hot waxing treatment improves the aging resistance of wood surface under UV radiation and water. Progress in Organic Coatings, 161, 106468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2021.106468

Nzokou, P., & Kamdem, P. (2005). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of red oak- (Quercus rubra), black cherry- (Prunus serotina) and red pine- (Pinus resinosa) extracted wood surfaces. Surface and Interface Analysis, 37, 689-694. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.2064

Peker, H., Bilginer, E. H., Ayata, Ü., Çamlıbel, O., & Gürleyen, L. (2024a). The effects of wax application on certain surface properties of olive (Olea europaea L.) wood. Journal of Marine and Engineering Technology, 4(1). In press.

Peker, H., Bilginer, E. H., Ayata, Ü., Çamlıbel, O., & Gürleyen, L. (2024b). Effects of different coating layers on some surface properties of wax-applied plum (Prunus domestica L.) wood. Sivas Cumhuriyet University Journal of Engineering Faculty, In press.

Peker, H., Bilginer, E. H., Ayata, Ü., Çamlıbel, O., & Gürleyen, L. (2024c). Identification of certain surface characteristics of balau red (Shorea guiso) wood treated with wood bleaching chemicals followed by wax treatment. Turkish Journal of Science and Engineering, In press.

Pintar, A., Brus, R., & Skudnik, M. (2020). Možnosti zaznavanja drevesnih vrst v okviru Monitoringa gozdov in gozdnih ekosistemov - Possibilities for detecting tree species in the framework of monitoring of forests and forest ecosystems. Gozdarski vestnik, 78 (3), 107-121.

Pizzi, A., & Kumar, R. N. (2019). Adhesives for wood and lignocellulosic materials. Hoboken, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978-1-119-60543-0.

Popenoe, W., & Pachano, A. (1922). The Capulín Cherry: a superior form of the Northern black cherry develop in the highlands of tropical America. Journal of Heredity, 13, 50-62.

Schardt, M. (2004). Black Cherry für Furnier immer beliebter. Holz-Zent bl, 130, 635-638.

Scholz, G., Militz, H., Gascón-Garrido, P., Ibiza-Palacios, M. S., Oliver-Villanueva, J. V., Peters, B. C., & Fitzgerald, C. J. (2010). Improved termite resistance of wood by wax impregnation. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 64(8), 688-693. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2010.05.012

Schultz, T. P., Nicholas, D. D., & Ingram Jr, L. L. (2007). Laboratory and outdoor water repellency and dimensional stability of southern pine sapwood treated with a waterborne water repellent made from resin acids. Holzforschung, 61(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2007.044

Starfinger, U., Kowarik, I., Rode, M., & Schepker, H. (2003). From desirable ornamental plant to pest to accepted addition to the flora? the perception of an alien tree species through the centuries. Biological Invasions, 5(4), 323-335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BINV.0000005573.14800.07

Timar, M. C., Varodi, A. M., & Liu, X. Y. (2020). The ınfluence of artificial ageing on selected properties of wood surfaces finished with traditional materials-an assessment for conservation purposes. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Series II: Forestry, Wood Industry, Agricultural Food Engineering, 13(62), 81-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31926/but.fwiafe.2020.13.62.2.7

TS ISO 13061-1, (2021). Odunun fiziksel ve mekanik özellikleri - Kusursuz küçük ahşap numunelerin deney yöntemleri - Bölüm 1: Fiziksel ve mekanik deneyler için nem muhtevasının belirlenmesi, Türk Standartları Enstsitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye.

Van den Meersschaut, D., & Lust, N. (1997). Comparison of mechanical, biological and chemical methods for controlling black cherry (Prunus serotina) in Flanders (Belgium). Silva Gandavensis, 62, 90-109.

Wendel, G. W. (1972). Longevity of black cherry seed in the forest floor. USDA Forest Service, Research Note NE-149. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Upper Darby, PA. 4 P.