Samostigma med strokovnjaki na področju duševnega zdravja v Sloveniji
Izsledki pilotne študije
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20419/2024.33.585Ključne besede:
samostigma, duševno zdravje, strokovnjaki, iskanje pomočiPovzetek
Stigma, javna ali samostigma, zaviralno vpliva na iskanje pomoči v primeru duševne stiske. Lahko je prisotna med aktivno epizodo duševne bolezni ali pa jo posameznik predvideva, če bi se duševna bolezen razvila (predvidena stigma). Pomembna in ranljiva skupina za razvoj duševnih bolezni, ki je žal velikokrat spregledana, so strokovnjaki na področju duševnega zdravja. Na vzorcu strokovnjakov iz Slovenije (N = 93), ki se pri svojem delu srečujejo z vsebinami duševnega zdravja, smo raziskovali, kako se osebne izkušnje s težavami v duševnem zdravju in samomorilnim vedenjem povezujejo z različnimi vrstami predvidene samostigme (samostigme duševnih bolezni in iskanja pomoči). V preteklosti je 49 % udeležencev imelo težave na področju duševnega zdravja ali se je z njimi soočalo v času raziskave (56 % je poiskalo pomoč); 16 % udeležencev je v preteklosti imelo samomorilne misli ali se je z njimi soočalo v času raziskave (20 % jih je poiskalo pomoč). Spol ni bil opazno povezan z nobeno vrsto predvidene stigme. Starost je nizko negativno korelirala z izkušnjo težav v duševnem zdravju in predvideno samostigmo duševnih težav. Udeleženci z osebnimi izkušnjami duševnih težav so izkazovali več predvidene samostigme duševnih težav kot udeleženci, ki teh izkušenj nimajo. S samostigmo duševnih težav je bila nizko povezana tudi samostigma iskanja pomoči. Na osnovi rezultatov zaključujemo, da so pri strokovnjakih za duševno zdravje lastne izkušnje težav v duševnem zdravju povezane z višjo samostigmo duševnega zdravja, ta pa z višjo samostigmo iskanja pomoči. Zato bi bile tudi pri njih potrebne specifične intervencije, usmerjene v destigmatizacijo duševnih težav in iskanja pomoči, predvsem pa nadaljnje raziskave na tem področju.
Prenosi
Literatura
Andrade, L. H., Alonso, J., Mneimneh, Z., Wells, J. E., Al- Hamzawi, A., Borges, G., Bromet, E., Bruffaerts, R., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Hinkov, H. R., Hu, C., Huang, Y., Hwang, I., Jin, R., Karam, E. G., Kovess-Masfety, ... Kessler, R. C. (2014). Barriers to mental health treatment: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. Psychological Medicine, 44(6), 1303–1317. https://doi. org/10.1017/S0033291713001943
Bearse, J. L., McMinn, M. R., Seegobin, W. in Free, K. (2013). Barriers to psychologists seeking mental health care. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 44, 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031182
Bright, R. P. in Krahn, L. (2011). Depression and suicide among physicians. Current Psychiatry, 10(4), 16–30.
Carpiniello, B. in Pinna, F. (2017). The reciprocal relationship between suicidality and stigma. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, članek 35. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00035
Center, C., Davis, M., Detre, T., Ford, D. E., Hansbrough, W., Hendin, H., Laszlo, J., Litts, D. A., Mann, J., Mansky, P. A., Michels, R., Miles, S. H., Proujansky, R., Reynolds, C. F., 3rd in Silverman, M. M. (2003). Confronting depression and suicide in physicians: A consensus statement. JAMA, 289(23), 3161–3166. https:// doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3161
Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59(7), 614–625. https://doi. org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614
Doll, C. M., Michel, C., Rosen, M, Osman, N., Schimmelmann, B. G. in Schultze-Lutter, F. (2021). Predictors of help-seeking behaviour in people with mental health problems: A 3-year prospective community study. BMC Psychiatry, 21, članek 432. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s12888-021-03435-4
Earnshaw, V. A., Quinn, D. M. in Park, C. L. (2012). Anticipated stigma and quality of life among people living with chronic illnesses. Chronic Illness, 8, 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742395311429393
Frank, E., Biola, H. in Burnett, C. A. (2000). Mortality rates and causes among U.S. physicians. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 19(3), 155–159. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00201-4
Gilroy, P., Carroll, L. in Murra, J. (2002). A preliminary survey of counseling psychologists’ personal experiences with depression and treatment. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33(4), 402–407. https://doi. org/10.1037/0735-7028.33.4.402
Good, G. E., Khairallah, T. in Mintz, L. B. (2009). Wellness and impairment: Moving beyond noble us and troubled them. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 16(1), 21–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01139.x
Hinshaw, S. P. (2008). Breaking the silence: Mental health professionals disclose their personal and family experiences of mental illness. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psy ch/9780195320268.001.0001
Hu, L. T. in Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi. org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Kleespies, P. M., Van Orden, A. K., Bongar, B., Bridgeman, D., Bufka, L. F., Galper, D. I., Hillbrand, M. in Yufit, R. I. (2011). Psychologist suicide: Incidence, impact, and suggestions for prevention, intervention, and postvention. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(3), 244–251. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022805
Lannin, D. G., Vogel, D. L., Brenner, R. E. in Tucker, J. R. (2015). Predicting self-esteem and intentions to seek counseling: The internalized stigma model. The Counseling Psychologist, 43(1), 64–93. https://doi. org/10.1177/0011000014541550
Latalova, K., Kamaradova, D. in Prasko, J. (2014). Perspectives on perceived stigma and self-stigma in adult male patients with depression. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 10, 1399–1405. https://doi.org/10.2147/ NDT.S54081
Lindeman, S., Läärä, E., Hakko, H. in Lönnqvist, J. (1996). A systematic review on gender-specific suicide mortality in medical doctors. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 168(3), 274–279. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.168.3.274
Livingston, J. D. in Boyd, J. E. (2010). Correlates and consequences of internalized stigma for people living with mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 71(12), 2150–2161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.030
Mackenzie, C. S., Visperas, A., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Oliffe, J. L. in Nurmi, M. A. (2019). Age and sex differences in self-stigma and public stigma concerning depression and suicide in men. Stigma and Health, 4(2), 233–241. https:// doi.org/10.1037/sah0000138
OECD. (2018). Health at a glance: Europe 2018: State of health in the EU cycle. OECD Publishing. https://doi. org/10.1787/health_glance_eur-2018-en
Oliveira, A. M., Machado, D., Fonseca, J. B., Palha, F., Silva Moreira, P., Sousa, N., Cerqueira, J. J. in Morgado, P. (2020). Stigmatizing attitudes toward patients with psychiatric disorders among medical students and professionals. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, članek 326. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00326
Pope, K. in Tabachnick, B. (1994). Therapists as patients: A national survey of psychologists’ experiences, problems, and beliefs. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25(3), 247–258. https://doi. org/10.1037/0735-7028.25.3.247
Quinn, D. M. in Chaudoir, S. R. (2009). Living with a concealable stigmatized identity: The impact of anticipated stigma, centrality, salience, and cultural stigma on psychological distress and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 634–651. https:// doi.org/10.1037/a0015815
Reynders, A., Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., Molenberghs, G. in Van Audenhove, C. (2014). Attitudes and stigma in relation to help-seeking intentions for psychological problems in low and high suicide rate regions. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(2), 231–239. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00127-013-0745-4
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
Roškar, S., Bračič, M. F., Kolar, U., Lekič, K., Juričič, N. K., Grum, A. T., Dobnik, B., Poštuvan, V. in Vatovec, M. (2017). Attitudes within the general population towards seeking professional help in cases of mental distress. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 63(7), 614– 621. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764017724819
Roškar, S., Kralj, D., Andriessen, K., Kryzinska, K., Vinko, M. in Podlesek, A. (2022). Anticipated self and public stigma in suicide prevention professionals. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, članek 931245. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyt.2022.931245
Schernhammer, E. S. in Colditz, G. A. (2004). Suicide rates among physicians: A quantitative and gender assessment (meta-analysis). American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(12), 2295–2302. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2295
Stewart, V. (2008). Perceived social support, suicidal ideation, stigma, and help seeking behaviors among college students (Publication No. 3357205) [doktorska disertacija, Marywood University]. Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global.
Tay, S., Alcock, K. in Scior, K. (2018). Mental health problems among clinical psychologists: Stigma and its impact on disclosure and help-seeking. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74, 1545–1555. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jclp.22614
Topkaya, N. (2014). Gender, self-stigma, and public stigma in predicting attitudes toward psychological help-seeking. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 14(2), 480– 487. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2014.2.1799
Tucker, J. R., Hammer, J. H., Vogel, D. L., Bitman, R. L., Wade, N. G. in Maier, E. J. (2013). Disentangling self-stigma: Are mental illness and help-seeking self-stigmas different? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4), 520– 531. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033555
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A. in Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018697
Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G. in Ascheman, P. L. (2009). Measuring perceptions of stigmatization by others for seeking psychological help: Reliability and validity of a new stigma scale with college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(2), 301–308. https://doi. org/10.1037/a0014903
Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G. in Hackler, A. H. (2007). Perceived public stigma and the willingness to seek counseling: The mediating roles of self-stigma and attitudes toward counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 40– 50. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.40
Volpe, U., Luciano, M., Palumbo, C., Sampogna, G., Del Vecchio, V. in Fiorillo, A. (2014). Risk of burnout among early career mental health professionals. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 21(9), 774–781. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12137
Wainberg, M. L., Scorza, P., Shultz, J. M., Helpman, L., Mootz, J. J., Johnson, K. A., Neria, Y., Bradford, J. E., Oquendo, M. A. in Arbuckle, M. R. (2017). Challenges and opportunities in global mental health: A research-to-practice perspective. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(5), članek 28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0780-z
Wallace, E. J. (2010). Mental health and stigma in the medical profession. Health, 16(1), 3–18. https://doi. org/10.1177/1363459310371080
Waugh, W., Lethem, C., Sherring, S. in Henderson, C. (2017). Exploring experiences of and attitudes towards mental illness and disclosure amongst health care professionals: A qualitative study. Journal of Mental Health, 26(5), 457–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2017.1322184
Zamir, A., Tickle, A. in Sabin-Farrell, R. (2022). A systematic review of the evidence relating to disclosure of psychological distress by mental health professionals within the workplace. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78(9), 1712–1738. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23339
Zuckerman, S., Owen, R. L., Jr. in White, J. M. (2023). What predicts suicidality among psychologists? An examination of risk and resilience. Death Studies, 47(2), 192–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2022.2042753
Prenosi
Objavljeno
Številka
Rubrika
Licenca
Avtorske pravice (c) 2024 Saška Roškar, Anja Podlesek, Domen Kralj, Karl Andriessen, Karolina Krysinska, Matej Vinko
To delo je licencirano pod Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Deljenje pod enakimi pogoji 4.0 mednarodno licenco.
