THE EFFECT OF AN 8-WEEK ANAEROBIC GYMNASTICS TRAINING ON BDNF, VEGF, AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN CHILDREN

Authors

  • Roghayyeh Afroundeh Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
  • Vahid Saleh Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
  • Marefat Siahkouhian Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
  • Asadollah Asadi Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52165/sgj.12.3.381-394

Keywords:

children, neurotropic factors, growth factors

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to observe changes in levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), resting metabolic rate (RMR) and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in the gymnast children after an anaerobic gymnastics training program. Thirty beginner gymnasts aged 8-12 years old were randomly assigned to control (n = 15) and experimental (n = 15) groups. The anaerobic gymnastics training was conducted for 8 weeks, 3 times per a week. Each session lasted 45 minutes: 10 min warm-up, 30 min core exercise, and 5 min cool down. The anthropometric and body composition of subjects were measured and growth factors were measured by using human  BDNF and VEGF PicoKine™ ELISA Kit and analysis was performed using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Morland et al.) before and after the intervention, and VO2max, maximum heart rate and RMR were measured using a gas analyzer. At the baseline there were not any significant differences between both groups (p>0.05). But in the post-test, a significant difference was observed for BDNF(p=0.02) and VEGF(p=0.018) values between the two groups. Within-group there was a decrease in the value of the maximum heart rate indicator (P<0.05) and VO2max and BDNF increased significantly after an intervention (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that anaerobic gymnastic training increases the level of salivary BDNF and VEGF in children. These types of exercises may also improve cardiorespiratory fitness in children.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Almeida, Marcos B, & Araújo, Claudio Gil S. (2003). Effects of aerobic training on heart rate. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 9(2), 113-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922003000200006

Álvarez, Zaida, Castaño, Oscar, Castells, Alba A, Mateos-Timoneda, Miguel A, Planell, Josep A, Engel, Elisabeth, & Alcántara, Soledad. (2014). Neurogenesis and vascularization of the damaged brain using a lactate-releasing biomimetic scaffold. Biomaterials, 35(17), 4769-4781. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.051

Chiappin, Silvia, Antonelli, Giorgia, Gatti, Rosalba, & Elio, F. (2007). Saliva specimen: a new laboratory tool for diagnostic and basic investigation. Clinica chimica acta, 383(1-2), 30-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2007.04.011

Consolazio, C Frank. (1963). Physiological measurements of metabolic functions in man. The Computation of Metabolic Balances, 313-317.

Čular, Dražen, Zagatto, Alessandro Moura, Milić, Mirjana, Besilja, Tea, Sellami, Maha, & Padulo, Johnny. (2018). Validity and reliability of the 30-s continuous jump for anaerobic power and capacity assessment in combat sport. Frontiers in physiology, 9, 543. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00543

Currie, James, Ramsbottom, Roger, Ludlow, Helen, Nevill, Alan, & Gilder, Michael. (2009). Cardio-respiratory fitness, habitual physical activity and serum brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in men and women. Neuroscience letters, 451(2), 152-155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.12.043

Dal Pupo, Juliano, Gheller, Rodrigo G, Dias, Jonathan A, Rodacki, André LF, Moro, Antônio RP, & Santos, Saray G. (2014). Reliability and validity of the 30-s continuous jump test for anaerobic fitness evaluation. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17(6), 650-655. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.09.007

De Rossi, Pierre, Harde, Eva, Dupuis, Julien P, Martin, Laurent, Chounlamountri, Naura, Bardin, Manon, . . . Luhmann, HJ. (2016). A critical role for VEGF and VEGFR2 in NMDA receptor synaptic function and fear-related behavior. Molecular psychiatry, 21(12), 1768-1780. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2015.195

Ding, Yun-Hong, Li, Jie, Zhou, Yandong, Rafols, Jose A, Clark, Justin C, & Ding, Yuchuan. (2006). Cerebral angiogenesis and expression of angiogenic factors in aging rats after exercise. Current neurovascular research, 3(1), 15-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/156720206775541787

El-Alameey, Inas R, Ahmed, Hanaa H, & Abushady, Mones M. (2019). Role of Lifestyle Intervention Program in Regulating Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Obese Children with Metabolic Syndrome Components. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 12(3), 1317-1328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1760

Fediani, Yunita, Dewi, Masayu Rita, Irfannuddin, Muhammad, Saleh, Masagus Irsan, & Dhaini, Safri. (2014). The effect of regular aerobic exercise on urinary brain-derived neurotrophic factor in children. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 54(6), 351-357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14238/pi54.6.2014.351-7

García de la Torre, Nuria, Rubio, Miguel A, Bordiu, Elena, Cabrerizo, Lucio, Aparicio, Eugenio, Hernández, Carmen, . . . Puente, Montserrat. (2008). Effects of weight loss after bariatric surgery for morbid obesity on vascular endothelial growth factor-A, adipocytokines, and insulin. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 93(11), 4276-4281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-1370

Gillen, Jenna B, & Gibala, Martin J. (2013). Is high-intensity interval training a time-efficient exercise strategy to improve health and fitness? Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism, 39(3), 409-412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0187

Gilliat-Wimberly, Meredith, Manore, Melinda M, Woolf, Kathleen, D SWAN, PAMELA, & Carroll, Steven S. (2001). Effects of habitual physical activity on the resting metabolic rates and body compositions of women aged 35 to 50 years. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 101(10), 1181-1188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(01)00289-9

Gutin, Bernard, Barbeau, Paule, Owens, Scott, Lemmon, Christian R, Bauman, Mara, Allison, Jerry, . . . Litaker, Mark S. (2002). Effects of exercise intensity on cardiovascular fitness, total body composition, and visceral adiposity of obese adolescents. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 75(5), 818-826. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/75.5.818

Huang, T, Larsen, KT, Ried‐Larsen, M, Møller, NC, & Andersen, Lars Bo. (2014). The effects of physical activity and exercise on brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in healthy humans: A review. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 24(1), 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12069

Jackson, Andrew S, & Pollock, Michael L. (1978). Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. British journal of nutrition, 40(3), 497-504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19780152

Jackson, Andrew S, Pollock, Michael L, & Ward, ANN. (1980). Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 12(3), 175-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198023000-00009

Jones, Nicole M, Lee, Elizabeth M, Brown, Timothy G, Jarrott, Bevyn, & Beart, Philip M. (2006). Hypoxic preconditioning produces differential expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and its regulatory enzyme HIF prolyl hydroxylase 2 in neonatal rat brain. Neuroscience letters, 404(1-2), 72-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2006.05.049

Kermani, Pouneh, Rafii, Dahlia, Jin, David K, Whitlock, Paul, Schaffer, Wendy, Chiang, Anne, . . . Hackett, Neil R. (2005). Neurotrophins promote revascularization by local recruitment of TrkB+ endothelial cells and systemic mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors. The Journal of clinical investigation, 115(3), 653-663. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI200522655

Languren, Gabriela, Montiel, Teresa, Julio-Amilpas, Alberto, & Massieu, Lourdes. (2013). Neuronal damage and cognitive impairment associated with hypoglycemia: an integrated view. Neurochemistry international, 63(4), 331-343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2013.06.018

Leckie, Regina L, Oberlin, Lauren E, Voss, Michelle W, Prakash, Ruchika S, Szabo-Reed, Amanda, Chaddock-Heyman, Laura, . . . Vieira-Potter, Victoria J. (2014). BDNF mediates improvements in executive function following a 1-year exercise intervention. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8, 985. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00985

Lezi, E, Lu, Jianghua, Selfridge, J Eva, Burns, Jeffrey M, & Swerdlow, Russell H. (2013). Lactate administration reproduces specific brain and liver exercise-related changes. Journal of neurochemistry, 127(1), 91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.12394

Morinder, Gunilla, Larsson, Ulla Evers, Norgren, Svante, & Marcus, Claude. (2009). Insulin sensitivity, VO2max and body composition in severely obese Swedish children and adolescents. Acta Paediatrica, 98(1), 132-138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01030.x

Morland, Cecilie, Andersson, Krister A, Haugen, Øyvind P, Hadzic, Alena, Kleppa, Liv, Gille, Andreas, . . . Kennedy, Lauritz H. (2017). Exercise induces cerebral VEGF and angiogenesis via the lactate receptor HCAR1. Nature communications, 8(1), 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15557

Murawska-Cialowicz, E, Wojna, J, & Zuwala-Jagiello, J. (2015). Crossfit training changes brain-derived neurotrophic factor and irisin levels at rest, after wingate and progressive tests, and improves aerobic capacity and body composition of young physically active men and women. J Physiol Pharmacol, 66(6), 811-821.

Ogborn, Daniel I, & Gardiner, Phillip F. (2010). Effects of exercise and muscle type on BDNF, NT‐4/5, and TrKB expression in skeletal muscle. Muscle & Nerve: Official Journal of the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, 41(3), 385-391. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.21503

Pan, Weihong, Banks, William A, Fasold, Melita B, Bluth, Jonathan, & Kastin, Abba J. (1998). Transport of brain-derived neurotrophic factor across the blood–brain barrier. Neuropharmacology, 37(12), 1553-1561. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3908(98)00141-5

Pedersen, Bente K, Pedersen, Maria, Krabbe, Karen S, Bruunsgaard, Helle, Matthews, Vance B, & Febbraio, Mark A. (2009). Role of exercise‐induced brain‐derived neurotrophic factor production in the regulation of energy homeostasis in mammals. Experimental physiology, 94(12), 1153-1160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2009.048561

Poduslo, Joseph F, & Curran, Geoffrey L. (1996). Permeability at the blood-brain and blood-nerve barriers of the neurotrophic factors: NGF, CNTF, NT-3, BDNF. Molecular Brain Research, 36(2), 280-286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-328X(95)00250-V

Roth, Christian L, Elfers, Clinton, Gebhardt, Ursel, Müller, Hermann L, & Reinehr, Thomas. (2013). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its relation to leptin in obese children before and after weight loss. Metabolism, 62(2), 226-234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2012.08.001

Ruan, Guo-Xiang, & Kazlauskas, Andrius. (2013). Lactate engages receptor tyrosine kinases Axl, Tie2, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 to activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and promote angiogenesis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288(29), 21161-21172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.474619

Sarchielli, Paola, Greco, Laura, Stipa, Antonio, Floridi, Ardesio, & Gallai, Virgilio. (2002). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal of neuroimmunology, 132(1-2), 180-188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00319-3

Satoh, Akiko, Brace, Cynthia S, Ben-Josef, Gal, West, Tim, Wozniak, David F, Holtzman, David M, . . . Imai, Shin-ichiro. (2010). SIRT1 promotes the central adaptive response to diet restriction through activation of the dorsomedial and lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(30), 10220-10232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1385-10.2010

Schiffer, Thorsten, Schulte, Stefanie, Sperlich, Billy, Achtzehn, Silvia, Fricke, Hannes, & Strüder, Heiko K. (2011). Lactate infusion at rest increases BDNF blood concentration in humans. Neuroscience letters, 488(3), 234-237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2010.11.035

Seifert, Thomas, Brassard, Patrice, Wissenberg, Mads, Rasmussen, Peter, Nordby, Pernille, Stallknecht, Bente, . . . Nielsen, Henning B. (2010). Endurance training enhances BDNF release from the human brain. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 298(2), R372-R377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00525.2009

Shweiki, Dorit, Itin, Ahuva, Soffer, Dov, & Keshet, Eli. (1992). Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. Nature, 359(6398), 843-845. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/359843a0

Silha, JV, Krsek, M, Sucharda, P, & Murphy, LJ. (2005). Angiogenic factors are elevated in overweight and obese individuals. International journal of obesity, 29(11), 1308-1314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802987

Soppet, Dan, Escandon, Enrique, Maragos, Johnne, Middlemas, David S, Raid, Susan W, Blair, Janet, . . . Hunter, Tony. (1991). The neurotrophic factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 are ligands for the trkB tyrosine kinase receptor. Cell, 65(5), 895-903. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(91)90396-G

Vega, Sandra Rojas, Strüder, Heiko K, Wahrmann, Bertha Vera, Schmidt, Annette, Bloch, Wilhelm, & Hollmann, Wildor. (2006). Acute BDNF and cortisol response to low intensity exercise and following ramp incremental exercise to exhaustion in humans. Brain research, 1121(1), 59-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.105

Washington, RL, Bricker, JT, Alpert, BS, Daniels, SR, Deckelbaum, RJ, Fisher, EA, . . . Marx, GR. (1994). Guidelines for exercise testing in the pediatric age group. From the Committee on Atherosclerosis and Hypertension in Children, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, the American Heart Association. Circulation, 90(4), 2166-2179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.90.4.2166

Downloads

Published

2020-10-01

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Afroundeh, R., Saleh, V., Siahkouhian, M., & Asadi, A. (2020). THE EFFECT OF AN 8-WEEK ANAEROBIC GYMNASTICS TRAINING ON BDNF, VEGF, AND SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN CHILDREN. Science of Gymnastics Journal, 12(3), 381-394. https://doi.org/10.52165/sgj.12.3.381-394