Casein and Banana Peel-Loaded Bacterial-Resistant Surgical Textiles S kazeinom in bananinim olupkom obdelana tekstilija za dosego

Today, the need for fabrics that resist the growth of microorganisms is rising rapidly, as bacteria and other microbes are resistant to any clean room environment. In particular, health care and hygiene textile products must be more bacterial resistant. This study thus concentrated on developing antibacterial surgical textile products using eco-friendly material, such as casein and banana peel, which were used to coat fabric using cyclodextrin as a cross-linking agent. In this research work, fabric was treated with banana peel, casein, and a combination of banana peel and casein, without cyclodextrin, while cyclodextrin-loaded fabric treated samples were tested for antimicrobial resistance (AATCC100-2004). The treated samples initially studied using FTIR showed a peak point at 3,278.99 cm -1 , which infers the presence of an O-H group for banana peel extract, and at 3,340.71 cm -1 , which infers the presence of an N-H group for casein. Antimicrobial tests against E. coli showed a bacterial reduction of 81.44%, while a reduction of 52.80% was recorded for S. aureus . An analysis of untreated and treated samples showed that treatment with extracts of an agent through the pad-dry-cure process did not have a significant effect on the tensile and air permeability characteristics of the samples.


Introduction
Currently, natural agents [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] are used for multifunctional application [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] in many alternate treatments.These natural agents can also be treated in textile substrates for the development of protective, medical and hygienic products.Surgical clothing is mainly classified as reusable and decomposable textiles.In reusable textiles, cotton/cotton-viscose are widely used, and the clothing is laundered and reused.The risk of contamination with bacteria is much higher.On the other hand, disposable textiles solve the problem of contamination to a large extent, but are not eco-friendly.To overcome this problem, cotton woven textile material can be treated with anti-microbial agents and used for several washes with a lower percentage of contamination.

Materials
Specifications of the fabric used in this study are summarized in Table 1, while basic properties were determined using standard instruments and procedures.Peels from ripening green bananas (Musa sapientum) were gathered from the local market in Coimbatore, India.Peels were sliced into small pieces after drying for 15 days.Casein (Hi-Media M-Protein, vitamin free) (Precision & Scientific, Coimbatore, India) and β-cyclodextrin with a molecular weight of 1,134.98 g/mol (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were used in this research work.The above-mentioned natural agents were then extracted using the Soxhlet apparatus method.

Aqueous extraction of banana peel
A total of 100 g of natural agent, i.e. banana peel (Musa sapientum), was taken and placed inside the Soxhlet apparatus in the presence of a universal solvent water for aqueous extraction.The extraction was carried out for 10 siphoning cycles at 40 ºC.The obtained extracts were sealed with aluminium foil and refrigerated at 4 ºC until required for fabric finishing treatment using the pad-dry-cure process.The prepared fabric samples were then subjected to strength and anti-microbial tests, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis.

Fabric pretreatment and padding process
The fabric was pre-treated using a standard detergent (pH of 7-8) soap solution (10 g/l) at 90 °C with a liquor to material ratio (L:M) of 50:1 for 90 minutes, followed by hot and cold washes (five times each) and drying in ambient conditions.
As seen in Table 2, the pre-treated cotton fabric was padded with an aqueous herbal extract with cyclodextrin (2% on the weight of the material, OWM) and without the aid of cyclodextrin using a laboratory scale padding mangle machine with a working width of 450 mm (manufactured by RB Electronics, Maharashtra, India) following the padding-drying-curing sequence.A 60% wet pick-up was achieved during padding, followed by drying at 80 ºC for five minutes and curing at 120 °C for three minutes.The quantity of herbal extract present in the fabric after drying was tabulated in Table 2 as a percentage of the weight of the material (OWM).The treated samples were then washed under standard wash conditions.Both the treated (unwashed) and washed samples were taken for antibacterial testing.The detailed experimental methodology used in this study is shown in Figure 1.

Methodology
Figure 1 illustrates the methodology used in the experiment.
Testing of physical and comfort properties for both untreated and treated fabrics (with and without cyclodextrin) Anti-microbial property test (functional)

FTIR (fabric characterization test)
Extract was applied on fabric using the pad-dry-cure process, with and without cyclodextrin (cross linking agent) in different proportions Extract preparation by Soxhlet apparatus method 100% bleached cotton woven fabrics with plain weave structure

Casein powder and banana peel Fabric sample
inoculation at zero contact time and A represents the number of bacterial colonies from the treated specimen after inoculation throughout an 18 hour contact period.

Wash fastness test
The AATCC 124 [23] test methodology, proposed in literature reference [24], was used to perform the wash fastness test.The test results indicated the bio efficacy of the bound chitosan to cotton fabrics and the number of washes it can withstand in the textile.The treated fabrics were washed using an AATCC standard reference detergent without a bleaching agent in accordance with the AATCC 124 test methodology [23], as presented in Table 3, to determine how long the antibacterial effect would last.Five normal, careful hand washings at a temperature of 40 °C ± 3 °C were equivalent to one cycle of washing using this method.All of the treated samples underwent three consecutive cycles of washing.The samples were rinsed with warm water at the conclusion of the third cycle, allowed to air dry, and then tested for antibacterial activity using the AATCC 100 methodology [22] (mentioned above).

Testing of anti-microbial activity
The cotton samples, both coated and untreated, were put in separate glass jars in accordance with the AATCC 100 [22] test methodology, and 1 ml of test bacterial inoculum was added.The jars were shaken vigorously 10 times after being diluted with distilled water.Following serial dilution, the solution was plated on nutrient agar and incubated for 24 hours at 37.2 °C.The number of colony-forming units (CFU) was determined by counting the colonies.This result determined the number of colonies in the zero contact period.A similar procedure was carried out for an 18 hour contact period of cotton and bacteria, and the number of colonies were counted.In order to determine the percentage reduction of bacteria (R) (equation 1), colonies of bacteria recovered on the agar plate for both untreated and treated materials were counted before and after washing.
where B represents the number of bacterial colonies from the untreated control specimen after B

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
A Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Shimatzu, Japan) was used.An FTIR spectrogram was obtained at a spectral range of 4000-400 cm -1 at a resolution of 0.9-1 cm.

Physical and comfort properties of fabrics
The physical and comfort properties of 100% cotton woven fabrics, such as the thickness [25], tensile properties (ASTM D 5035) [26], air permeability (ASTM D737) [27], wickability [28] and wettability [29] of both untreated and treated samples were evaluated using standard testing procedures and equipment after conditioning the samples at 65% relative humidity and 27 °C ± 1 °C for 24 hours to bring them to approximate moisture equilibrium in standard atmospheric conditions for preconditioning textile as directed by ASTM D 1776 in an environmental chamber [30].
3 Results and discussion

Antimicrobial test
An antimicrobial test applying the AATCC 100 [22] standard was performed for two strains, i.e.E. coli and S. aureus.The results obtained are presented below in Figure 2 and Table 4.   Positive and negative values in bacterial growth reduction indicate that the inoculation of serial dilution effectiveness, i.e. at zero hours and at 18 hours of serial dilution of inoculates; if the CFU value (number of colonies) at 18 hours exceeds the CFU value at 0 hours, the resultant bacterial growth reduction is negative, otherwise the bacterial growth reduction value will be positive.A positive value indicates that the bacteria multiplication factor fell sharply, while a negative value indicates the bacteria multiplied in increasing rather than decreasing order.Thus, an additional dilution might be needed for evaluation.
It is evident from Table 5 and Figures 3 and 4 that the treated and washed samples have traces of the applied natural extracts, which helps explain why the tested samples demonstrated antibacterial activity against both strains of E. coli and S. aureus.
β-cyclodextrins used as cross-linking agent acted as a reservoir in treated samples and leached key components of applied natural extracts after each washing cycles to contribute to the antibacterial activity of treated samples.

FTIR
FTIR curves were obtained and the wavelength in each individual FTIR of extracts applied fabric sample infers that the natural agents became affixed to the fabric during the pad-dry-cure process.The treated sample characterized by FTIR showed distinguished peak point at various wavelengths, notably at 3,278.99 cm -1 and 3,340.71cm -1 .It is evident from Figures 5 and 6 that the peak point is achieved at 3,348.42 cm -1 , which infer the presence of an N-H group of amines for casein, while the peak point at 3,217.27 cm -1 infer the presence of an O-H group of phenols for banana peel.Figures 5 and 6 illustrate FTIR curves, and an analysis of those curves shows that the following points can be observed in a precise manner: the peaks at 3,348.42 cm -1 and 2,785.21cm -1 are due the O-H stretching vibration of primary alcoholic groups in glucose units and the C-H stretching vibration of residual wax, respectively, which are present in the untreated cotton fabric.In the case of banana-peel extract and casein-finished materials, peaks at 1,366.60 cm -1 , 3278.99 cm -1 , and 3,340.71cm -1 can be attributed to the O-H bending of active phenolic content of banana peels and N-H stretching of amines in casein, respectively.To summarize, FTIR analyses revealed the presence of the key chemical component of both banana peel and casein on treated samples at peak wavelengths of 3,278.99 cm -1 (phenolic group) and 3,340.71cm -1 (amines group), respectively.

Instron tensile strength tester
When comparing untreated sample and treated sample strength, as presented in Figures 7 and 8, it can be inferred that there is an increase in tensile strength characteristic of 9.08% with respect to individual evaluations of the tensile strength of untreated samples of 21.31 MPa and the tensile strength of treated sample of 23.24 MPa.

Air permeability
The air permeability of untreated samples was 16.3 cm 3 cm -2 s -1 (rotometer reading of 590 litre/cm 3 ), while the air permeability of treated samples was 15.5 cm 3 cm -2 s -1 (rotometer reading of 560 litre/cm 3 ).Thus, the permeability value of treated samples was slightly lower due to the application of natural agents.This clearly indicates, however, that comfort aspects do not under go significant changes due to the finishing process.

Conclusion
The study resulted in the following important conclusions: • From the physical properties of control (untreated and treated samples), it can be concluded that treatments with the extracts of a natural agent through the pad-dry-cure process did not have a significant effect on physical properties, such as air permeability, wettability and wickability.• Antibacterial activity showed that the natural agents of banana peel and casein extracts demonstrated a satisfactory and good activity against bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.• Both the properties investigated in the study were well-supported by the cross-linking agent β-cyclodextrin in the form retention of both agents, and responded well, even after the treated sample were washed applying standard washing procedures • The development of natural agent-finished garments was designed especially for medical textiles, such as face masks and surgical gowns.
the weight of the material; b) Weight add-on of the material after the pad-dry-cure process

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Growth of tested bacteria on treated and washed samples

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Antimicrobial activity of untreated and treated cotton (without washing)

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Antimicrobial activity of the treated cotton (after washing)

Figure 5 :Figure 6 :
Figure 5: FTIR graph of untreated and banana peelcasein combination treated fabrics

Figure 7 :Figure 8 :
Figure 7: Tensile trend of untreated fabric and treated (combination of peel, casein and cyclodextrin) fabrics

Table 1 :
Cotton fabric details a) Ne, cotton (English)

Table 4 :
Growth rate of the tested bacteria on the samples

Table 5 :
Overall performance on treated material and washed material