Features and Limitations of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) in Obtaining Textile-like Structures

Viktorija Diak; Andrii Diak

doi:10.14502/tekstilec.67.2024106

Authors

Viktorija Diak Institute of Art Research, Vilnius Academy of Arts, Maironio str. 6, LT-01124 Vilnius, Lithuania Author https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8665-0348
Andrii Diak NTUU KPI, Kyiv, Ukraine Author https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1020-4254

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14502/tekstilec.67.2024106

Keywords:

3D printing, f-fibre, 3D-printed textile, quasi-fabric, textile structure

Abstract

In contemporary production processes and customisation, 3D printing has emerged as a prominent method for prototyping. It offers flexibility to create objects of diverse shapes, structures, sizes and materials. However, integrating this technology into the textile industry to achieve textile-like structures poses challenges. The fused deposition modelling (FDM) method is currently the closest approach to prototyping such structures due to its ability to extrude monofilaments resembling traditional threads. Regrettably, attempts to produce structures with properties akin to textiles, including flexibility, durability, breathability, lightness and fineness, have been unsuccessful due to various limitations inherent in the technical setups of 3D printers. This study analyses the key features of FDM printing that determine the feasibility of achieving authentic textile-like printed structures while clarifying the underlying logic behind their future purpose. Our aim was to assist future researchers in achieving the production of thin 3D-printed fibres (diameter ~0.1 mm) regardless of structure type.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1 ZHANG, Y., LIN, J.H., CHENG, D.H., LI, X., WANG, H.Y., LU, Y.H., LOU, C.W. A study on Tencel/LMPET–TPU/triclosan laminated membranes: excellent water resistance and antimicrobial ability. Membranes, 2023, 13(8), 1–13, doi: 10.3390/membranes13080703.

2 RUCKDASHEL, R.R., VENKATARAMAN, D., PARK, J.H. Smart textiles: a toolkit to fashion the future. Journal of Applied Physics, 2021, 129(13), 1–18, doi: 10.1063/5.0024006.

3 JÚNIOR, H.L.O., NEVES, R.M., MONTICELI, F.M., DALL AGNOL, L. Smart fabric textiles: recent advances and challenges. Textiles, 2022, 2(4), 582–605, doi: 10.3390/textiles2040034.

4 WU, S., ZENG, T., LIU, Z., MA, G., XIONG, Z., ZUO, L., ZHOU, Z. 3D printing technology for smart clothing: a topic review. Materials, 2022, 15(20), 1–15, doi: 10.3390/ma15207391.

5 XU, Y., WU, X., GUO, X., KONG, B., ZHANG, M., QIAN, X., MI, S., SUN, W. The boom in 3D-printed sensor technology. Sensors, 2017, 17(5), 1–37, doi: 10.3390/s17051166.

6 PARK, S., SHOU, W., MAKATURA, L., MATUSIK, W., FU, K.K. 3D printing of polymer composites: materials, processes, and applications. Matter, 2022, 5(1), 43–76, doi: 10.1016/j.matt.2021.10.018.

7 CHATTERJEE, K., GHOSH, T.K. 3D printing of textiles: potential roadmap to printing with fibres. Advanced Materials, 2020, 32(4), 1–24, doi: 10.1002/adma.201902086.

8 MANAIA, J.P., CEREJO, F., DUARTE, J. Revolutionising textile manufacturing: a comprehensive review on 3D and 4D printing technologies. Fashion and Textiles, 2023, 10(1), 1–28, doi: 10.1186/s40691-023-00339-7.

9 RANA, S., PICHANDI, S., PARVEEN, S., FANGUEIRO, R. Biosynthetic fibres: production, processing, properties and their sustainability parameters. In Roadmap to sustainable textiles and clothing: eco-friendly raw materials, technologies, and processing methods. Edited by Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu. Springer, 2014, 109–138, doi: 10.1007/978-981-287-065-0_4.

10 MELNIKOVA, R., EHRMANN, A., FINSTERBUSCH, K. 3D printing of textile-based structures by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) with different polymer materials. IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, 2014, 62(1), 1–7, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/62/1/012018.

11 JAYSWAL, A., ADANUR, S. Effect of heat treatment on crystallinity and mechanical properties of flexible structures 3D printed with fused deposition modelling. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 2022, 51(2_suppl), 2616S–2641S, doi: 10.1177/15280837211064937.

12 BEECROFT, M. Digital interlooping: 3D printing of weft-knitted textile-based tubular structures using selective laser sintering of nylon powder. International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education, 2019, 12(2), 218–224, doi: 10.1080/17543266.2019.1573269.

13 WIRTH, M., SHEA, K., CHEN, T. 3D-printing textiles: multi-stage mechanical characterization of additively manufactured biaxial weaves. Materials & Design, 2023, 225, 1–14, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111449.

14 ARIKAN, C. O., DOĞAN, S., MUCK, D. Geometric structures in textile design made with 3D printing. Tekstilec, 2022, 65(4), 307–321, doi: 10.14502/tekstilec.65.2022092.

15 FORMAN, J., DOGAN, M. D., FORSYTHE, H., ISHII, H. DefeXtiles: 3D printing quasi-woven fabric via under-extrusion. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, 2020, 1222–1233, doi: 10.1145/3379337.3415876.

16 BAECHLE-CLAYTON, M., LOOS, E., TAHERI, M., TAHERI, H. Failures and flaws in fused deposition modelling (FDM) additively manufactured polymers and composites. Journal of Composites Science, 2022, 6(7), 1–17, doi: 10.3390/jcs6070202.

17 KAŠČAK, J., KOČIŠKO, M., VODILKA, A., TÖRÖK, J., CORANIČ, T. Adhesion testing device for 3D printed objects on diverse printing bed materials: design and evaluation. Applied Sciences, 2024, 14(2), 1–14, doi: 10.3390/app14020945.

18 PŁACZEK, D. Adhesion between the bed and component manufactured in FDM technology using selected types of intermediary materials. In 9th International Conference on Manufacturing Science and Education – MSE 2019 “Trends in New Industrial Revolution”. Edited by I. Bondrea, N.F. Cofaru and M. Intă. MATEC Web of Conferences, 2019, 290, 1–9, doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201929001012.

19 NAZAN, M.A., RAMLI, F.R., ALKAHARI, M.R., ABDULLAH, M.A., SUDIN, M.N. An exploration of polymer adhesion on 3D printer bed. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017, 210(1), 1–10, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/210/1/012062.

20 CAVALCANTI, D.K.K., MEDINA, M., DE QUEIROZ, H.F. M., NETO, J. S. S., CHAVES, F.J.P., BANEA, M.D. Recent advances in adhesive bonding of 3D-printed parts and methods to increase their mechanical performance. Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle XII, Welding Equipment and Technology, 2023, 34, 17–24, doi: 10.35219/awet.2023.02.

21 SCHULLER, T., JALAAL, M., FANZIO, P., GALINDO-ROSALES, F.J. Optimal shape design of printing nozzles for extrusion-based additive manufacturing. Additive Manufacturing, 2024, 84, 1–18, doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104130.

22 CZYŻEWSKI, P., MARCINIAK, D., NOWINKA, B., BOROWIAK, M., BIELIŃSKI, M. Influence of extruder’s nozzle diameter on the improvement of functional properties of 3D-printed PLA products. Polymers, 2022, 14(2), 1–17, doi: 10.3390/polym14020356.

23 BUTT, J., BHASKAR, R., MOHAGHEGH, V. Investigating the influence of material extrusion rates and line widths on FFF-printed graphene-enhanced PLA. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 2022, 6(3), 1–19, doi: 10.3390/jmmp6030057.

24 MELO, J.T., SANTANA, L., IDOGAVA, H.T., PAIS, A.I.L., ALVES, J.L. Effects of nozzle material and its lifespan on the quality of PLA parts manufactured by FFF 3D Printing. Engineering Manufacturing Letters, 2022, 1(1), 20–27, doi: 10.24840/2795-5168_001-001_0005.

25 BIANCHI, I., MANCIA, T., MIGNANELLI, C., SIMONCINI, M. Effect of nozzle wear on mechanical properties of 3D printed carbon fibre-reinforced polymer parts by material extrusion. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2024, 130(9), 4699–4712, doi: 10.1007/s00170-024-13035-7.

26 ANDRONOV, V., BERÁNEK, L., KRŮTA, V., HLAVŮŇKOVÁ, L., JENÍKOVÁ, Z. Overview and comparison of PLA filaments commercially available in Europe for FFF technology. Polymers, 2023, 15(14), 1–21, doi: 10.3390/polym15143065.

27 DEY, A., ROAN EAGLE, I.N., YODO, N. A review on filament materials for fused filament fabrication. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, 2021, 5(3), 1–40, doi: 10.3390/jmmp5030069.

28 KORGER, M., GLOGOWSKY, A., SANDULOFF, S., STEINEM, C., HUYSMAN, S., HORN, B., ERNST, M., RABE, M. Testing thermoplastic elastomers selected as flexible three-dimensional printing materials for functional garment and technical textile applications. Journal of Engineered Fibres and Fabrics, 2020, 15, 1–10, doi: 10.1177/1558925020924599.

29 WICKRAMASINGHE, S., DO, T., TRAN, P. FDM-based 3D printing of polymer and associated composite: a review on mechanical properties, defects and treatments. Polymers, 2020, 12(7), 1–42, doi: 10.3390/polym12071529.

30 HAMROL, A., GÓRALSKI, B., WICHNIAREK, R. The influence of moisture absorption and desorption by the ABS filament on the properties of additively manufactured parts using the fused deposition modelling method. Materials, 2024, 17(9), 1–16, doi: 10.3390/ma17091988.

31 ANISKEVICH, A., BULDERBERGA, O., STANKEVICS, L. Moisture sorption and degradation of polymer filaments used in 3D printing. Polymers, 2023, 15(12), 1–23, doi: 10.3390/polym15122600.

32 TIAN, W., HUANG, K., ZHU, C., SUN, Z., SHAO, L., HU, M., FENG, X. Recent progress in biobased synthetic textile fibres. Frontiers in Materials, 2022, 9, 1–12, doi: 10.3389/fmats.2022.1098590.

33 YANG, D.L., FARAZ, F., WANG, J.X., RADACSI, N. Combination of 3D printing and electrospinning techniques for biofabrication. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2022, 7(7), 1–27, doi: 10.1002/admt.202101309.

34 EJIOHUO, O. A perspective on the synergistic use of 3D printing and electrospinning to improve nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Nano Trends, 2023, 4, 1–13, doi: 10.1016/j.nwnano.2023.100025.

35 KARA, Y., KOVÁCS, N. K., NAGY-GYÖRGY, P., BOROS, R., MOLNÁR, K. A novel method and printhead for 3D printing combined nano-/microfibre solid structures. Additive Manufacturing, 2023, 61, 1–13, doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2022.103315.

36 KUIPER, P., WIJNIA, S. Improved bridging in FFF [online]. Technical Disclosure Commons [accessed 6. 7. 2024]. Available on World Wide Web: <https://www.tdcommons.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6454&context=dpubs_series>.

37 RODRÍGUEZ, L., NAYA, G., BIENVENIDO, R. Study for the selection of 3D printing parameters for the design of TPU products. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021, 1193(1), 1–9, doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/1193/1/012035.

38 SABIR, T. Fibres used for high-performance apparel. In High-performance apparel: materials, development, and applications. Edited by John McLoughlin and Tasneem Sabir. Woodhead Publishing, 2017, 7–32, doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100904-8.00002-X.

39 LAPUT, G., CHEN, X.A., HARRISON, C. 3D printed hair: fused deposition modelling of soft strands, fibres, and bristles. In Proceedings of the 28th annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software & Technology, 2015, 593–597, doi: 10.1145/2807442.2807484.